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Reactive power c) Load Factor d) Maximum DemandThe vector sum of active power and reactive power required is ____. a) Apparent Power b) Power Factor c) Load Factor d) Maximum DemandPresenting the load demand of a consumer against time of the day is known as___. a) Time Curve b) Load curve c) Demand curve d) Energy curveThe maximum demand of an industry, if trivector motor records 3600 KVA for 15 minutes and 3000 kVA for next 15 minutes over a recording cycle of 30 minutes is_____. a) 3600 kVA b) 3000 kVA c) 3300 kVA d) 600 kVAIf the distribution voltage is raised from 11 kV to 33 kV, the line loss would be: a) Less by 1/9 b) More by 9 times c) No change d) None of the aboveIf distribution of power is raised from 11 kV to 66 kV, the voltage drop would lower by a) 6 times b) 1/6 times c) 36 times d) 1/36 timesThe power loss in transmission/distribution line depends on ____. a) Current in the line b) Resistance of the line c) Length of the line d) AllWhich of the voltage is not available for Indian distribution system? a) 33 kV b) 11 kV c) 280 V d) 433 VThe heat input required for generating  one kilo watt-hour of electrical output is called as ___. a) Efficiency b) Heat Rate c) Calorific Value d) Heat valueLVAL . 2  V V40#http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_8_18/ai_78050393##http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_8_18/ai_78050393##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849317916&id=CTmcEVsLy_cC&pg=RA6-PA27&lpg=RA6-PA27&dq=diversity+Factor&sig=aknVDl37M3GI__J7IR9ESU8tOng##http://tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v4/css/h1011v4_46.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=RA1-PA284&lpg=RA1-PA284&ots=SmkZNELGEH&dq=voltage+VAR+drop&sig=bdl654pjc4fKBR2i4JNdMhzvvM4##http://www.nepsi.com/powerfactor.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824709144&id=R2CG6TdQxfYC&pg=RA2-PA80&lpg=RA2-PA80&ots=GzeQ79AF6V&dq=magnetizing+kVAr+of+the+motor&sig=jvsD2VUxEH1LaF1gCp8szhsEjVY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750699485&id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA240&lpg=PA240&ots=4Myxy2LObR&dq=kVAr+rating&sig=qPPnFun3HCuayCM9EHsVGgA2Ux8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070245371&id=GZjuzAlpR_8C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&ots=UxnzQ-zVid&dq=Apparent+Power&sig=G3XtoDT_T9XB0Nm3jU_Rgfmtghg##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070245371&id=GZjuzAlpR_8C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&ots=UxnzQ-zVid&dq=Apparent+Power&sig=G3XtoDT_T9XB0Nm3jU_Rgfmtghg##http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/basics/load.htm##http://www.p2pays.org/ref/36/35295.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0792384911&id=BH0sGHkXIgcC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&ots=56mOT0UGtV&dq=line+loss+voltage+11kV&sig=JugZqSwtBK3YZMxBRnXcIVEME8U##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881735043&id=Enzv8JsIxHEC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&ots=KYnLLVhFy4&dq=voltage+drop+depends++transmission&sig=uFteH1tw8k4xI2gH5QT0UsS6zQA#PPA35,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540002979&id=Zbrq26QZ7LsC&pg=RA1-PA229&lpg=RA1-PA229&ots=zoCxOQE9Dn&dq=power+loss+transmission+depends&sig=uQZKLp_g8Prcemn11YR6Sb99GOw##http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirmar1/power_distribution.html##http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/heat_rate.html#LVAL4 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x*b#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&ots=qNU6QWKxP1&dq=diversity+Factor&sig=Q6QVGqUqHC0uVhpNqmH7hUU__R4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071377301&id=-Q6SBAKsmXkC&pg=RA5-PA329&lpg=RA5-PA329&ots=LLUraeyPEV&dq=turns+ratio+transformer&sig=PtAiZfAExGuGLXO_aYYDEtECP1I##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070419779&id=6tk6yXzu62IC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&ots=75q3Fo2y47&dq=voltage+VAR+drop&sig=LppAZCso-DOdJZ1j6FzonE9HOI8##http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p012478.hcsp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071447830&id=zBqfiiqdWLsC&pg=PA674&lpg=PA674&ots=u85pBUSsVT&dq=magnetizing+kVAr+of+the+motor&sig=XYmytmgSwHPMD26K9nNNnitr8lw##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071348123&id=_Pk8raJvVaEC&pg=SA6-PA25&lpg=SA6-PA25&ots=oNx6jre0Xs&dq=kVAr+rating&sig=Ssk0444a9jsBt9RKqA48gEtG5iM##http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/2.html##http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/2.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471280607&id=NFb_mM580nAC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&ots=PH-7UnJ0mD&dq=Load+curve&sig=SSy9-xuhL1u1RRb3nsluDwLVgkM##http://img.icnea.net/Forum/empreses/E3032/Ftp/Ca_M6_03.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0852967756&id=Jg1xA65n56oC&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&ots=3w8I-bkhH-&dq=line+loss+high+voltage&sig=optZYikA0raNhN0HZah6teNNpDM#PPA207,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881735035&id=hd5JncHGcLMC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&ots=6woDq0_dEt&dq=voltage+drop+depends++transmission&sig=h__QC1pPAp6dG7MDcoja_AJqfU0##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN9812561854&id=uVFAH3bne7QC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&ots=cPo7QkeODJ&dq=power+loss+transmission+depends&sig=2SLz0WFt0EOq9sP2XE3d_0HW_u8#PPA160,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071447830&id=zBqfiiqdWLsC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&ots=u85pzNVn_L&dq=Voltage+India+distribution+system&sig=F05eDOZ3Bby7TXsWgpOAHTRZ32w##http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/AE_heat_rate.html#LVALT ^ BF8#http://www.neo.state.ne.us/statshtml/glossaryh.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=RA2-PA416&lpg=RA2-PA416&ots=SmkZLBKExG&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=Hu5TOVSgMsgkYvFuz9fEC_gpDu0##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=RA2-PA416&lpg=RA2-PA416&ots=SmkZLBKExG&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=Hu5TOVSgMsgkYvFuz9fEC_gpDu0##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=RA2-PA416&lpg=RA2-PA416&ots=SmkZLBKExG&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=Hu5TOVSgMsgkYvFuz9fEC_gpDu0##http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_diversity_factor.html##http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_basics_transformers/##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824792378&id=9Uc4Ms9u4n8C&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&ots=8CY6Acy2NF&dq=voltage+VAR+drop&sig=Nz3lSJSxwmix31A8AMCfjPYdwiU##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849310407&id=WQi0UIeMKacC&pg=RA1-PA142&lpg=RA1-PA142&ots=gg5A1ua0ff&dq=benefits+power+factor+improvement&sig=nvLcuVmcvKyj-9Fx8HdmPAJrB78##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881733849&id=2pJ_so1U2TYC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&ots=V107a0z7j3&dq=magnetizing+kVAr+of+the+motor&sig=r3nzuJPSXlm0tSSn_88QRyO2VbU##http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/2.html##http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/2.html##http://www.answers.com/topic/load-curve-1##http://www.hoytmeter.com/transducers/carrel-carrel/mdc-01.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849317916&id=CTmcEVsLy_cC&pg=RA6-PA262&lpg=RA6-PA262&ots=qre7XFcvc7&dq=line+loss+high+voltage&sig=OQtvbyZX9sOj87A5EmbG7g_0bjs#PRA6-PA262,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0174387334&id=DojwZzKAvN8C&pg=PA315&lpg=PA315&dq=power+loss+transmission+depends&sig=20ac2bEu0KCMGQzSGjZBdy_uL0w#PPA315,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8122403638&id=yTkCN0hG_fwC&pg=RA1-PA71&lpg=RA1-PA71&dq=Voltage+India+distribution+system&sig=hEzYproJ2bwIOPUPL0_zGdyZVqU##http://www.neo.state.ne.us/statshtml/glossaryh.htm#LVALr: 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Zn4#http://www.mikeholt.com/technical.php?id=powerquality/technicalpowerqualityharmonics##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471446521&id=VyOsWUCrJ14C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=LmZZ9buKOefVk1m2dwTERdx3x0A#PPA53,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471446521&id=VyOsWUCrJ14C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=LmZZ9buKOefVk1m2dwTERdx3x0A#PPA53,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471446521&id=VyOsWUCrJ14C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=LmZZ9buKOefVk1m2dwTERdx3x0A#PPA53,M1##http://polk-burnett.apogee.net/pd/dsad.asp##http://www.voltech.com/support/articles/59/Turns%20Ratio%20(104-113).pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8122400736&id=l1NQttrOQioC&pg=RA1-PA103&lpg=RA1-PA103&ots=mk-N7tENxA&dq=voltage+VAR+drop&sig=XqbjC8hrl14TVU3hVHfUd1WOFbs##http://www.squared.com/us/services_support/squared_services.nsf/LookupFiles/PF_Fundametals.pdf/$file/PF_Fundametals.pdf##http://www.motor-control.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=63##http://tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v3/css/h1011v3_68.htm##http://tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v3/css/h1011v3_68.htm##http://www.nag.co.uk/projects/STABLE/BOA3/GESA/sld010.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1860942660&id=bYfW5-SgBBoC&pg=PA294&lpg=PA294&ots=6KVmMz9Oqn&dq=maximum+demand+control&sig=hx8I3UUAmHPpLjSD5XOPxByad94##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN812032417X&id=3RgriqNdDdoC&pg=RA24-PP50&lpg=RA24-PP50&dq=line+loss+high+voltage&sig=IWuu9NMubdNP8T2sXoAHey7w4sA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007035958X&id=2cbvyf8Ly4AC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=power+loss+transmission+depends&sig=kWyxb0z8LVmSMy6qDN4JCMdUK00##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8122414745&id=xN8qZFRkLpYC&pg=PA674&lpg=PA674&dq=Voltage+India+distribution+system&sig=7nBa8QaJYu2nxzIeqCJd4Jbh9Ro##http://cea.nic.in/god/opm/Thermal_Performance_Review/0001/sec13-1.pdf#LVALD > 0 Xnv#http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Per27.pdf##http://www.imotorcontrols.com/power_quality.html##http://www.abb.co.uk/cawp/gbabb905/b51699867912ed3cc1256e1c005668c6.aspx##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824705394&id=1GcxSDpvdzYC&pg=RA4-PA57&lpg=RA4-PA57&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=sUknafoh-Z9O0vpoScuxVusP3IE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824705394&id=1GcxSDpvdzYC&pg=RA4-PA57&lpg=RA4-PA57&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=sUknafoh-Z9O0vpoScuxVusP3IE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824705394&id=1GcxSDpvdzYC&pg=RA4-PA57&lpg=RA4-PA57&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=sUknafoh-Z9O0vpoScuxVusP3IE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471573787&id=_0W1ajF_Bd0C&pg=RA2-PA118&lpg=RA2-PA118&dq=diversity+Factor&sig=pa8jSBGUbmFPJdeBwSeM8SyHlnI#PRA2-PA118,M1##http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e84/lectures/ch3/node12.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824782372&id=MtFDfz5GZDwC&pg=RA1-PA205&lpg=RA1-PA205&ots=edqGuI5GtR&dq=benefits+power+factor+improvement&sig=uUBVV8ODRx_CUuZiSZCRm2zPZqM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750658088&id=8mQewRR_3q4C&pg=RA6-PA45&lpg=RA6-PA45&ots=TcmKnFD9e1&dq=magnetizing+kVAr+of+the+motor&sig=YhRRasA1IhDgjopDVWKXeecbX8A##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0791802086&id=IBg_ktPm1foC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&ots=bfIzvM4eNy&dq=maximum+demand+control&sig=KHF_LL4joUWSV5QjLyOxKHvTP2c#PPA248,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0174387334&id=DojwZzKAvN8C&pg=PA315&lpg=PA315&dq=line+loss+high+voltage&sig=20ac2bEu0KCMGQzSGjZBdy_uL0w##http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/pubs_html/feat_trans_capacity/w_sale.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8170081645&id=yTypGmVTx6cC&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=Voltage+India+distribution+system&sig=gelQVlH5GmjcMfofQSO1k02JiZQ#PPA253,M1##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Per27.pdf#*>oW W A  (  aR82hzt31.5@N@O^@ JN@ IR@K0@LH@Mj^RF:." U31.4@N@ GX@ JL@ I`@K@LP@Mj^RF:." 31.4d@N@ GL@ J@ If@K@Lf@Mj^RF:." U31.2@NR@ G\@JB@ I\@KRRRF:." 31.3@N@G@JL@IH@K|@L@Mj^RF:." U31.2@ Hp@G......" 31.4F@Np@GL@J@If@K@Lf@Mj^RF:." U31.4@@ Hp@GX@JL@I`@K@LP@Mj^RF:." 31.2@ H~@G4@J:::::." 31.1P@H @Gz@J~@Ih@C@Lp@Ej^RF:." U31.7.@Hn@G@Jn@IZ@K@Dd@Ej^RF:." U31.7Z@Hc) Total Harmonic Distortionp@Jd@IX@K #http://www.bcae1.com/thd.htm#@EpdXL" U31.5^@H a) 7 kW@JP@IZ@C:@D8@ Esg[OC7" U31.5L@HF@G@AP@IZ@C:@D8@ Ej^RF:." U31.5@Hc) both a & b@AP@IZ@ C:@ D8@ EymaUI=" U31.5@Hb) diversity Factor"@A4@Bb@ CX@ DB@ Esg[OC" U31.5d@Ha) turns ratiop@ AR@ Bj@ C@ Dr@ EznbVJ>" U 31.4@Hc) 19%D@ A0@ B0@ CD@ DffZNB6" U 31.4 @ @a) 29%L@ A@ Bf@ C@ Df@ErfZNB6" U 31.4@ @V@GZ@ AN@ BJ@C@DZ@Ej^RF:." U 31.3b@ @ a) 145 kVAr*@ A6@ BSSSSG;"  31.3@@a) Active power,@Al@Bl@Cp@DZ@E{ocWK?" U31.3@@a) Apparent Power,@Al@Bl@Cp@DZ@E}qeYMA" U31.3 @@b) Load curvep@A(@BV@Cv@DmmaUI=" _31.2@@ c) 3300 kVAP@Ax@B@C@@DT@Ewk_SG;" _31.14@@a) Less by 1/9<@AT@Bl@C2@D"@EznbVJ>" U31.1@@b) 1/6 timesf@AT@BTTTTH<" 31.1(@@d) Allb@Af@BH@C4@D@ErfZNB6" U31.1@@ c) 280 V@AN@BD@C8@DL@Eth\PD8" U31.1B@@b) Heat Ratez@A~@Bh@C@Dp@Exl`TH<" UpLVAL d l  Z0Locating capacitors at tail or load end will help to reduce losses within the plants distribution network. Further the voltage at tail end will also improve, thus the performance of equipment will improve.The following are the benefits of PF improvement: (i) Reduced KVA (Maximum demand) charges in utility bill (ii) Avoidance of penalty on PF if relevant. (iii) Option of availing any incentives the utility offers on high power factor. (iv) Better voltage at load ends (improved voltage regulation) (v) Reduced distribution losses (kWh) within the plant networkThe two part tariff has one part for capacity (or demand) drawn and the second part for actual energy drawn during the billing cycle. Capacity or demand is in kVA (apparent power) or kW terms. The reactive energy (i.e.) kVArh drawn by the service is also recorded and billed for in some utilities, because this would affect the load on the utility. In addition, other fixed expenses are also levied like tax, meter rent etc.Following are the possible reactive power compensations methods: a) Use of HT capacitors b) Use of LT capacitors c) Use of synchronous motors d) Proper sizing of motors based on loads and use of energy efficient motors.click the view answer button and see short answer Q No.3click the view answer button and see short answer Q No.2click the view answer button and see short answer Q No.1The important parameters that are read from  Trivector meters for a billing cycle are: a) Maximum demand during the month (kW or kVA) b) Active energy (kWh) c) Reactive energy (kVArh) d) Apparent energy (kVAh) Apart from this it can also read other instantaneous values like, voltage & current, power factor, etc. HEAT RATE is a quantity of heat input in  kilo Calories or  kilo Joules , for generating  one kilo Watt hour of electrical output.c) voltage and current distortions with 250 Hz & 350 Hzb) Square of loading of transformerb) magnetizing kVAr of the motor at no loadLVAL  & F BCompute the MD recorded for a plant where the recorded load is as mentioned below in the recording cycle of 30 minutesThe following single line diagram explain the location of 100 kW heater load and 200 kW motor, which is at 200 mtrs away from 415V, LT bus using suitable cable. The main incoming power factor of system is 0.85 lag. Calculate the rating of capacitors to improve pf of incomer to 0.9 lag.List all the important and useful parameters that a tri-vector meters records for industry/utility electricity billing.Define  Heat Rate in the simplest form?The 5th and 7th harmonic in a 50 Hz power environment will have: a) voltage and current distortions with 55 Hz & 57 Hz b) voltage and current distortions with 500 Hz & 700 Hz c) voltage and current distortions with 250 Hz & 350 Hz d) no voltage and current distortion at allThe total amount of harmonics present in the system is expressed using ___. a) Total Harmonic Factor b) Total Harmonic Ratio c) Total Harmonic Distortion d) Crest FactorThe total losses in a transformer operating at 50% load with designed no load and load losses at 2 kW and 20 kW respectively are _______. a) 7 kW b) 12 kW c) 4.5 kW d) 22 kWThe load losses in transformer vary according to ________. a) Loading of transformer b) Square of loading of transformer c) Cube of loading of transformer d) NoneCore losses in transformer are caused by ______. a) Hysteresis loss b) Eddy current loss c) both a & b d) NoneThe ratio of overall maximum demand of the plant to the sum of individual maximum demand of various equipments is ______. a) load factor b) diversity Factor c) demand Factor d) maximum demandThe ratio between the number of turns on the primary to the turns on the secondary of a transformer is know as: a) turns ratio b) efficiency c) winding factor d) power factorIf voltage applied to a 415 V rated capacitors drops by 10%, its VAR output drops by ____. a) 23% b) 87% c) 19% d) 10%LVAL` > t Nj0L#http://www.energyandpowermanagement.com/CDA/Articles/Fundamental_Series/0179cc4d8de38010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA520&lpg=RA3-PA520&ots=_fOSl21ANd&dq=load+factor+average+demand&sig=s6Mqp2dB4X6Ms1L4POh7P2-wz7I##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750650966&id=FhgSZtCRglQC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&ots=IJlmLZhMrm&dq=effects+power+factor+0.7&sig=2XK874z9tPnszE4jJkz469NpZv4##http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/5k.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750699485&id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&ots=4Myxy1PLcT&dq=transformers+connected+parallel&sig=JWqBA9Hmv-0VLD30vttPx1IVRtk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824707370&id=AExV1jvJH5AC&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&ots=tFuRl-qLoC&dq=capacitor+bank+connected+end&sig=rBkkKl6b1K4gHUk_PfrMRyDuMwQ##http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p012478.hcsp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA526&lpg=RA3-PA526&ots=_fOSl3WBKd&dq=two+part+tariff&sig=_vO3ihwJjxeMsY0j5Q3GWvA-94g##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824707370&id=AExV1jvJH5AC&pg=PA444&lpg=PA444&ots=tFuRl0hLnG&dq=reactive+power+compensations&sig=pTw2AygYAkkhO5yuf2SKBcowUMw##http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p012478.hcsp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824707370&id=AExV1jvJH5AC&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&ots=tFuRl-qLoC&dq=capacitor+bank+connected+end&sig=rBkkKl6b1K4gHUk_PfrMRyDuMwQ##http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/AE_heat_rate.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1401851541&id=DDsh3lPokL4C&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&ots=N13gO2TO24&dq=Circuit+Breakers+Tripping+harmonics&sig=gfdN0FUDRRUy5EM9ggaT-aTmv0E#PPA243,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN079237780X&id=D_I2XvNOc4wC&pg=RA1-PA20&lpg=RA1-PA20&ots=Ui-6a5KPMw&dq=%E2%80%98total+harmonic+distortion&sig=9dtuwmS-uhuwHBIiRndre_BfGSg##http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/5k.htm##http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/5k.htm##http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/5k.htm#LVAL~\ 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Ff`n#http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA303103##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion##http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_8_18/ai_78050393##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881732761&id=oQiKkLsAXFoC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=load+management+TOD&sig=6rV5AKfrd80EJRycFprTCGH558g#PPA5,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070342881&id=_CcC0q-9ie0C&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&ots=b5uYgyJfL0&dq=reduce+transformer+losses&sig=dwB2e8Up5oY21e4FyoTP0cNnlGQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824708407&id=uuqIA-ce1CoC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&ots=WXa11dGPv4&dq=load+factor+average+demand&sig=_hjWsxudxSsANkWNDAL03FVRs_Q##http://www.energy-in-motion.com/PFC.html##http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_8_18/ai_78050393##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824756533&id=qy4QT0BlV0MC&pg=RA1-PA33&lpg=RA1-PA33&ots=oteX6XRth_&dq=transformers+connected+parallel&sig=nyJw8G5v03V1I5rNGyEyLmQ3z8g##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849310407&id=WQi0UIeMKacC&pg=RA1-PA62&lpg=RA1-PA62&ots=gg5A1tj7ai&dq=capacitor+bank+connected+end&sig=IEGZZnweI2YlAsgYc2SoEOMOiL8##http://www.nepsi.com/powerfactor.htm##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_part_tariff##http://www.ece.umr.edu/power/Energy_Course/energy/Electric_Trans/Series_comp/sercomp_old/rpc.htm##http://www.nepsi.com/powerfactor.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849310407&id=WQi0UIeMKacC&pg=RA1-PA62&lpg=RA1-PA62&ots=gg5A1tj7ai&dq=capacitor+bank+connected+end&sig=IEGZZnweI2YlAsgYc2SoEOMOiL8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8170081645&id=yTypGmVTx6cC&pg=PA426&lpg=PA426&ots=4RyWqKfzIh&dq=Trivector+meters&sig=ungCDHDA7rSyLLmrXEeOUYOwpjI##http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/heat_rate.html##http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA303103##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion##http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_8_18/ai_78050393#LVAL 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~rX#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849308127&id=Y4PvKaNsWBgC&pg=RA2-PA14&lpg=RA2-PA14&ots=JXXnfxQumq&dq=load+factor+average+demand&sig=egRl7K0olTytDCv07z0bzuRCVI0##http://www.elpasoelectric.com/Site/ybusiness.nsf/bf25ab0f47ba5dd785256499006b15a4/182c6d8364c802a08725712d006df42f/$FILE/January%202006.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=RA2-PA416&lpg=RA2-PA416&ots=SmkZLBKExG&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=Hu5TOVSgMsgkYvFuz9fEC_gpDu0##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766810801&id=Dj7W6FQxBxoC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&ots=445LbeMI2A&dq=transformers+connected+parallel&sig=WQImnbww0E0DiqNwv50adTR_ekk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878147314&id=NfGECDO8wp0C&pg=RA1-PA101&lpg=RA1-PA101&ots=1dy3RdUwb7&dq=capacitor+bank+improve+voltage&sig=Nq0J3emZAn_Qu5sU8O_opsvPmR8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849310407&id=WQi0UIeMKacC&pg=RA1-PA142&lpg=RA1-PA142&ots=gg5A1ua0ff&dq=benefits+power+factor+improvement&sig=nvLcuVmcvKyj-9Fx8HdmPAJrB78##http://www.answers.com/topic/two-part-tariff##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0852967713&id=AqPr4JyDWg0C&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&ots=5eyh64uIT5&dq=reactive+power+compensations&sig=hqpKsbHuPr0qmFgNtFBKrfvjQBY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849310407&id=WQi0UIeMKacC&pg=RA1-PA142&lpg=RA1-PA142&ots=gg5A1ua0ff&dq=benefits+power+factor+improvement&sig=nvLcuVmcvKyj-9Fx8HdmPAJrB78##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878147314&id=NfGECDO8wp0C&pg=RA1-PA101&lpg=RA1-PA101&ots=1dy3RdUwb7&dq=capacitor+bank+improve+voltage&sig=Nq0J3emZAn_Qu5sU8O_opsvPmR8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766836460&id=CWxNPIkij4EC&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&ots=Y5AjDTotyL&dq=Circuit+Breakers+Tripping+harmonics&sig=o1OH8fKRqZVMo0CtyPsHhNqp7lM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007138622X&id=Y4IvvSJq1bMC&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&ots=43sT4J8rXt&dq=%E2%80%98total+harmonic+distortion&sig=sj4KCxEzwmNvnF9165zvTFZINu0#LVALr 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^$xn#http://www.electrikgrid.com/Formula_Table_/Formula_Table_Help/formula_table_help.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878147314&id=NfGECDO8wp0C&pg=RA1-PA96&lpg=RA1-PA96&ots=1dy3P91B76&dq=effects+voltage+deviations++rated+voltages+electrical+system&sig=B2juC7AdNxzulT2ff62lTfKowQg##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0125816502&id=072rwRgFpcgC&pg=PA821&lpg=PA821&ots=o5FhyOJp83&dq=Electronic+switching+power+converters+harmonics&sig=5wfKvnpylDkgK_mumpRsEqV1EXc##http://www.mikeholt.com/technical.php?id=powerquality/technicalpowerqualityharmonics##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471446521&id=VyOsWUCrJ14C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=LmZZ9buKOefVk1m2dwTERdx3x0A#PPA53,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750699485&id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&ots=4Myxy1NJfU&dq=reduce+transformer+losses&sig=jdSlI53GiKf6kI2V9jIsPIpJgnk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824703367&id=3T3hV3057oEC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&ots=zlbhR0TGuG&dq=reduce+transformer+losses&sig=SfOI6Qi0wRVlLWp1PGvPiMUXxTQ##http://www.bchydro.com/rx_files/psbusiness/psbusiness1531.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471446521&id=VyOsWUCrJ14C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=LmZZ9buKOefVk1m2dwTERdx3x0A#PPA53,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3527304835&id=1WF1tQIWBE8C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=transformers+connected+parallel&sig=w1o2TLvCKY7uDjIGjUOiY-nkcUk##http://www.cooperpower.com/library/TheLine/pdf/may06/UnbalanceDetecDayArticle.pdf##http://www.squared.com/us/services_support/squared_services.nsf/LookupFiles/PF_Fundametals.pdf/$file/PF_Fundametals.pdf##http://www.cnc.una.py/cms/invest/download.php?id=166802,81,1##http://www.squared.com/us/services_support/squared_services.nsf/LookupFiles/PF_Fundametals.pdf/$file/PF_Fundametals.pdf##http://www.cooperpower.com/library/TheLine/pdf/may06/UnbalanceDetecDayArticle.pdf##http://cea.nic.in/god/opm/Thermal_Performance_Review/0001/sec13-1.pdf#LVALJ 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T$#http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/energymatters/articles.cfm/article_id=7##http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/327##http://www.imotorcontrols.com/power_quality.html##http://www.abb.co.uk/cawp/gbabb905/b51699867912ed3cc1256e1c005668c6.aspx##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824705394&id=1GcxSDpvdzYC&pg=RA4-PA57&lpg=RA4-PA57&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=sUknafoh-Z9O0vpoScuxVusP3IE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824703367&id=3T3hV3057oEC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&ots=zlbhR0TGuG&dq=reduce+transformer+losses&sig=SfOI6Qi0wRVlLWp1PGvPiMUXxTQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=load+factor+average+demand&sig=q4VYKRaR6aVHYOmLYhu3yl45xp4##http://www.lmphotonics.com/pwrfact.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824705394&id=1GcxSDpvdzYC&pg=RA4-PA57&lpg=RA4-PA57&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=sUknafoh-Z9O0vpoScuxVusP3IE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766809617&id=rroNzLlUO28C&pg=PA394&lpg=PA394&dq=transformers+connected+parallel&sig=VF33fWtl_0eDN8gS4qvzoV4TwTU#PPA395,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824792378&id=9Uc4Ms9u4n8C&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&ots=8CY6Acv-MC&dq=capacitor+bank+improve+voltage&sig=W2LV4NzK5PRsygvnWYI35GGUOrI##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824782372&id=MtFDfz5GZDwC&pg=RA1-PA205&lpg=RA1-PA205&ots=edqGuI5GtR&dq=benefits+power+factor+improvement&sig=uUBVV8ODRx_CUuZiSZCRm2zPZqM##http://www.nokiancapacitors.fi/documents/04%20-%20theory/EN-TH04-11_2004-Harmonics_and_Reactive_Power_Compensation_in_Practice.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824782372&id=MtFDfz5GZDwC&pg=RA1-PA205&lpg=RA1-PA205&ots=edqGuI5GtR&dq=benefits+power+factor+improvement&sig=uUBVV8ODRx_CUuZiSZCRm2zPZqM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824792378&id=9Uc4Ms9u4n8C&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&ots=8CY6Acv-MC&dq=capacitor+bank+improve+voltage&sig=W2LV4NzK5PRsygvnWYI35GGUOrI#xLVAL XbWhat are the likely affects of voltage deviations from rated voltages in an electrical system?List down any three common type of devices which cause harmonics in the system?List any five problems that can arise due to harmonics in a system.Explain what you have understood by  total harmonic distortion or THD Name two types of transformer losses and write a brief note on this.What do you mean by better  load management from the point of view of electric supply utility?Refer the sketch below: In the above facility, determine the best option to reduce transformer losses even considering long-term options. Indicate other system benefits if any.Define load factor. Calculate annual load factor (%) in a facility having an annual consumption of 150.0 lakh kWh, maximum demand of 2421 kVA at 0.95 PF lag.What are the likely affects on plant s electricity bill if Power Factor is found to be low say 0.7?Calculate the transformer total losses for a transformer loading at 60% and with no load and full load losses of 3 kW and 25 kW respectively?What are the important conditions one should consider before transformers are connected in parallel?Which is the best location for capacitor banks for power factor improvement from energy conservation point of view?What are the benefits of power factor improvement?Explain tariff based on  two part basis which is generally applicable for most of medium and large type of industrial enterprises in India?What are the different reactive power compensation options available in an electrical system?During April-2003, the plant has recorded a maximum demand of 600 kVA and average PF is observed to be 0.82 lag, The minimum average PF to be maintained is 0.92 lag as per the independent utility supplier and every one % dip in PF attracts a penalty of Rs 10,000/in each month. a) Calculate the improvement in PF for May-2003 by installing 100kVAr capacitors. b) Calculate penalty to be paid if any during May-2003.LVAL 2  f Transformer losses consist of two parts: No-load loss and Load loss 1. No-load loss (also called core loss) is the power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in the transformer's steel core. Core loss occurs whenever the transformer is energized; core loss does not vary with load. Core losses are caused by two factors: hysteresis and eddy current losses. Hysteresis loss is that energy lost by reversing the magnetic field in the core as the magnetizing AC rises and falls and reverses direction. Eddy current loss is a result of induced currents circulating in the core. 2. Load loss (also called copper loss) is associated with full-load current flow in the transformer windings. Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper loss varies with the square of the load current. (P=I2R).The popular measures for better load management by supply utilities include the issues relating to: 1. time of day tariff (ToD) 2. penalties on exceeding allowed maximum demandclick the view ans button and see short answer Q No. 4Load factor is a ratio of the average demand (kVA or kW) to the peak demand for a power system. Average yearly consumption = 150.0 lakh kWh Load Factor = 150,00, 000/(8760 hr x 2421 x 0.95) LF = 74.45%What are the likely affects on plant s electricity bill if Power Factor is found to be low say 0.7? * -It would have attracted penalty towards low PF as per utility tariff stipulations * -It might have lead to recording excess demand (kVA or kW) and in turn high fixed charges.Transformer losses= No load losses + (% loading)2 x Full load losses =2 + (0.6)2 x 25 =11 kWSatisfactory parallel operations of two transformers depend on the following key factors. Both transformers should have the same: a) voltage ratio b) polarity c) phase sequence d) percentage impedance e) phase angle between primary and secondary terminals.[>}w  c ] o i -31.3@UP@SP@Tx@ R@ Q@@WT@Vj^RF:." _,31.3@UP@Sn@Tx@ RFFFF:." +31.2d@UP@Sj@TP@RF@ Q@W@Vj^RF:." U*31.3R@UP@Sj@TP@RF@Q@L@Vj^RF:." U)31.2r@UP@S|@T`@R@QRRRF:." (31.8@N\@SX@T@R@Q@L@Mj^RF:." U'31.7@N@S@Tr@R@Qr@ LX@ Mj^RF:." W&31.7@ N@S@Jn@RZ@Q@ Ld@ Mj^RF:." U%31.7@ N^@Sp@Jd@RX@Q #http://www.bcae1.com/thd.htm#@ M~RF:." U$31.5@ N@O@JP@RZ@Q:@ L8@ Mj^RF:." U#31.3@ Nh@O,@J @R@QRRRF:." "31.5d@ Nl@OB@J@IF@Q>@ LB@ Mj^RF:." U!31.3:@N@OD@JX@IT@ KB@ L&@Mj^RF:." u 31.2@N0@OT@ JD@I@ K~@LP@Mj^RF:." U31.5@N@O@ JP@ IZ@ K:@L8@Mj^RF:." ULVAL * x  :  #http://www.hoytmeter.com/transducers/carrel-carrel/mdc-01.html##http://www.nepsi.com/formulas.htm##http://www.nepsi.com/formulas.htm##http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/electricity_act2003/63.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878147314&id=NfGECDO8wp0C&pg=RA1-PA96&lpg=RA1-PA96&ots=1dy3P91B76&dq=effects+voltage+deviations++rated+voltages+electrical+system&sig=B2juC7AdNxzulT2ff62lTfKowQg##http://www.energyandpowermanagement.com/CDA/Articles/Fundamental_Series/6107b6f99be38010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766836460&id=CWxNPIkij4EC&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&ots=Y5AjDTotyL&dq=Circuit+Breakers+Tripping+harmonics&sig=o1OH8fKRqZVMo0CtyPsHhNqp7lM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007138622X&id=Y4IvvSJq1bMC&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&ots=43sT4J8rXt&dq=%E2%80%98total+harmonic+distortion&sig=sj4KCxEzwmNvnF9165zvTFZINu0##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748751&id=9EShPwTRnoUC&pg=RA2-PA416&lpg=RA2-PA416&ots=SmkZLBKExG&dq=types+of+transformer+losses&sig=Hu5TOVSgMsgkYvFuz9fEC_gpDu0##http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5330512##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766840263&id=uLSVNEmj24kC&pg=PA514&lpg=PA514&ots=FJpqBiG6tC&dq=reduce+transformer+losses&sig=Cppo3zWMeQSmz_x8IjTFsT-4Eq8#LVAL @ ` t$\#http://img.icnea.net/Forum/empreses/E3032/Ftp/Ca_M6_03.pdf##http://img.icnea.net/Forum/empreses/E3032/Ftp/Ca_M6_03.pdf##http://www.lmphotonics.com/pwrfact.htm##http://www.lmphotonics.com/pwrfact.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA514&lpg=RA3-PA514&ots=_fORmZ1CGe&dq=components+of+tariff+structure&sig=FBOjKphqXPOGbS7bpulSPREWEGM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412817608&id=WCU8XuiSKD8C&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&ots=v9V7jwk4E6&dq=effects+voltage+deviations++rated+voltages+electrical+system&sig=QAWxdG3_5DN3sThJWtmvTznAh1w##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1401851541&id=DDsh3lPokL4C&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&ots=N13gO2TO24&dq=Circuit+Breakers+Tripping+harmonics&sig=gfdN0FUDRRUy5EM9ggaT-aTmv0E#PPA243,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN079237780X&id=D_I2XvNOc4wC&pg=RA1-PA20&lpg=RA1-PA20&ots=Ui-6a5KPMw&dq=%E2%80%98total+harmonic+distortion&sig=9dtuwmS-uhuwHBIiRndre_BfGSg##http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/5k.htm##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/sidelinks/Useful%20Downloads/Presentation%20seminars/ECandCT3-4Nov2006/SeminarDay1/00-A-PRAMOD%20DEO.pdf#XLVAL  d  h  xclick the view ans button and see Q No.5click the view ans button and see Q No.4click the view ans button and see Q No.3click the view ans button and see Q No.2click the view ans button and see Q No.1The likely affects of voltage deviations from rated voltages are 1. Over voltages for motors 2. reduce efficiency, power factor and equipment life 3. increased temperature1. Electronic switching power converters 2. Arcing devices 3. Ferromagnetic devicesThe problems that arise due to harmonics in a system are: 1. Blinking of Incandescent Lights - Transformer Saturation 2. Capacitor Failure - Harmonic Resonance 3. Circuit Breakers Tripping - Inductive Heating and Overload 4. Conductor Failure - Inductive Heating 5. Electronic Equipment Shutting down - Voltage DistortionIn case of harmonics, the  magnitude and  order of harmonics is governed by the nature of device being used and the impact is expressed as  total harmonic distortion or THD LVALh * R  #http://www.p2pays.org/ref/36/35295.pdf##http://www.abrconsulting.com/Conversions/elec-con.htm##http://www.nepsi.com/kvars_required_calculation.htm##http://www.nepsi.com/kvars_required_calculation.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN9793780207&id=P0WrciF6BOcC&pg=RA1-PA484&lpg=RA1-PA484&ots=hRYdHlw7km&dq=components+of+tariff+structure&sig=M2f6CYn4Grjzso-X8Ic2FUE7vkk#PRA1-PA484,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA280&lpg=RA3-PA280&ots=_fOSj-3BOe&dq=effects+voltage+deviations&sig=sYlcBAi5aM2qm4JRc_ZVHThuyDQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849330165&id=ZY5c3VfGu9MC&pg=RA4-PA39&lpg=RA4-PA39&ots=typ20GrL0h&dq=Electronic+switching+power+converters+harmonics&sig=sy-8P-whDuNirga8chlLd4H3ZZ4#PRA4-PA40,M1#6LVAL< NWhy maximum demand need to be controlled? What are the options for controlling maximum demand?The maximum demand approved by a utility is 5500 kVA and tariff provides for minimum billing demand of 80% of approved. Review of past 12 months records of bills reveals that the monthly maximum demand recorded is around 4200 kVA. Will there be any benefits in surrendering part of contract demand? If so what is the kVA that you recommend for surrendering?In an engineering industry, one MCB is connected with single run copper cable of 16 sq.mm cross section from MCC. The cable is laid in air. The load connected to the MCB is 100A.The length of cable is 40 m. The resistance of cable is 1.15 ohms/KM. The designed current carrying capacity of cable is 78 A. The load factor is 0.632. These loads operate continuously for 8760 hours in a year. The cost of electricity is Rs. 5.5 per kWh. Calculate a) the cable existing losses b) measure to minimize cable losses c) annual cost savings by the suggested measureCalculate the following from the data given below: a) kVAr required to improve PF to 0.95 lag b) reduction in kVA demand c) techno-economics of PF improvement optionDefine components of tariff structure? Explain in detail. LVAL| #http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0791802086&id=IBg_ktPm1foC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&ots=bfIzvM4eNy&dq=maximum+demand+control&sig=KHF_LL4joUWSV5QjLyOxKHvTP2c#PPA248,M1##http://iac.rutgers.edu/technicaldocs/IAC_Manuals/industr/ch4.pdf##http://iac.rutgers.edu/technicaldocs/IAC_Manuals/industr/ch4.pdf#LVALR#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1860942660&id=bYfW5-SgBBoC&pg=PA294&lpg=PA294&ots=6KVmMz9Oqn&dq=maximum+demand+control&sig=hx8I3UUAmHPpLjSD5XOPxByad94##http://www.electrikgrid.com/Formula_Table_/Formula_Table_Help/formula_table_help.html# ><F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F <F <F <F <F <F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<F<P<P<P<P<P<P<P<P<P<P <P <P <P <P <P > @ @ @ @ @ FFFFFFFFFF F F F F FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFPPPPPPPPPP P P P P PLVAL@hMR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  n f Uj觸.A>S/GpϺP@Bk3ch3Q1L]IV=.Sj觸.A>S/GBook NoW)g kLBRYj觸.A>S/GChapter No9FGphj觸.A>S/GSection NoLr=qzj觸.A>S/GSelect,WB<j觸.A>S/GQuestion type No%\@Fj觸.A>S/GQues NoC]kA,j觸.A>S/GQuestion Textx?=LI>j觸.A>S/GAnswerU/ɅiJCVSj觸.A>S/GLink1qLwN-\j觸.A>S/GStats 1^^~qAM/Rj觸.A>S/GLink2['bNoOj觸.A>S/GStats 2n?FޠL}lj觸.A>S/GLink3Tܔ7D#1Gj觸.A>S/GStats 3aDL'7|j觸.A>S/GLink4?(Kn>2j觸.A>S/GStats 4kzO[[IIj觸.A>S/GLink5p/F@Cj觸.A>S/GStats 5   j觸.A>S/GBook No       m       Q1L]IV=.SChapter No       0   m W)g kLBRYSection No       m       9FGphx Select     Yes/No   j Lr=qz& Question type No   $ General Number     m ,WB<؛Question No   $ General Number     m %\@F Question Text            C]kA,~ Answer            x?=LI>Hyperlink1            U/ɅiJCVS:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j qLwN-\Hyperlink2            ^^~qAM/R:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j ['bNoOHyperlink3            n?FޠL}l:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j Tܔ7D#1G| Link4            aDL'7|zStats 4     Yes/No   j ?(Kn>2| Link5    QY-N \\-- Y BdY  Y  dY Y Y  Y Z Y D Y DY   Y  ZY   Y  DY   Y ZY  Y DY  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5DZDZD\fZDDZDZD\gZDYYBook NoChapter No\\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \\\ v1b N  : k & @@8@< 2LVAL (> B B2~RVariable speed can not be obtained with ____. a) DC motors controller b) AC motor controller c) soft starter controller d) AC & DC controllersElectronic variable frequency drive (VFD) connected to motors: a) provide variable speed with high efficiency b) induces eddy-current in the secondary member of the clutch mechanism c) is not suitable for variable torque load d) does not provide variable speed and has low-efficiencyEddy current drive can be a retrofit for ________. a) constant speed system requirement b) variable speed system requirement c) dual speed system requirement only d) none of the aboveThe following features apply to energy efficient motors by design: a) Energy efficient motors last longer b) Starting torque for efficient motors may be lower than for standard motors State whether the two statements are True or False?The following function can not be achieved with automatic power factor controllers. a) Voltage control b) KILOVAR control c) kW control d) PF control__________ determines the rating of capacitance connected in each step during the first hour of its operation and stores them in memory. a) Maximum demand controller b) Intelligent power factor controller c) Automatic power factor controller d) KILOVAR_________ controls the power factor of the installation by giving signals to switch on or off power factor correction capacitors. a) KILOVAR b) Automatic power factor control relay c) Intelligent power factor controller d) Maximum demand controllerCapacitors with automatic power factor controller when installed in a plant: a) reduces active power drawn from grid b) reduces the reactive power drawn from grid c) reduces the voltage of the plant d) increases the load current of the plantMaximum demand controller is used to ___________. a) switch off essential loads in a logical sequence b) exceed the demand of the plant c) switch off non-essential loads in a logical sequence d) controls the power factor of the plantHLVAL8V ` : Fv" Less mechanical stress " Improved Power Factor " Lower maximum demand " Less mechanical maintenance" Iron loss " Stator I2R loss " Rotor I2R loss " Friction & windage " Stray load lossAPFC is an acronym for  automatic power factor controller . It is used to improve the system power factor by automatic sensing of PF correction and control. The advantages of APFC are Unmanned operation of pf control, Always maintains very good and accurate pf (as set), Results in decreased system current and hence reduced voltage drop and power loss automatically, Reduced energy bill and avoids penalties both pf penalty and maximum demand." Avoids excess maximum demand on the supply grid " Helps in improving the load factor by truncating the peaks and flattening the load curve. " Assists in meeting expansion plans " Leveling plant loads to avoid peak load on feeder and electrical equipmentMD control is very important because the utility charges user not only for the energy consumed but also for the maximum demand made irrespective energy consumed (as per two part tariff). Hence in order to reduce the energy cost it is essential to control the maximum demand. MD can be controlled by Use of maximum demand controller, Staggering load during peak load period by sequencing of loads, operating in shifts etc. Maintaining very good pf at peak loadsd) movement or noise detector in room spaced) They have high operational losses and high temperature riseb) enables no-load start-up of prime-moverc) to reduce lumen output of the lampc) amorphous core - metallic glass alloya) provide variable speed with high efficiencyb) variable speed system requirementb) Intelligent power factor controllerb) Automatic power factor control relayb) reduces the reactive power drawn from gridc) switch off non-essential loads in a logical sequence[-~=e$ : ]  = < y 8 u4q0m,i(T -3p@a s ,3@a s +3@a s *3x@a s )3r@a s (3@a`@e((((((  '3`@a@d((((((  &3@a@d((((((  %3h@a@d((((((  $3h@a,@d((((((  #3@aP@d((((((  "3@ a@c((((((  !3@ a@c((((((   3@ a@@c((((((  3p@ a@c((((((  3@ aR@b((((((  3t@aT@b((((((  3v@a@b((((((  3v@a@^((((((  3D@a@b((((((  3t@a@b((((((  3@a@^((((((  3L@a@ ^((((((  3z@a@ ^((((((  3n@ `@ ^((((((  3T@aTrue......  38@ `"b) provide smooth start and stopJJJJJJ  3@@`a) Lighting & motors>>>>>>  3@`d) capacitor based controlDDDDDD  3p@`V@ ^((((((  3@`|@ ^((((((  3@`T@^((((((   3@`J@^((((((   3V@`P@^((((((   3l@`c) Slip ring motors onlyBBBBBB   32@` a) higher333333   3,@]c) soft starter controllerDDDDDD  3>@]\@^((((((  3v@]H@^((((((  3@]True......  32@]c) kW control777777  3@]L@^((((((  3@]N@^((((((  3@]Z@^((((((  3@]n@^(((((( LVAL b t @v>How maximum demand control can be practiced in a plant?Electronic soft starters are used for motors to: a) achieve variable speed b) provide smooth start and stop c) improve the loading c) none of the aboveApplication of timers as a retrofit will assist in saving energy in areas of ____. a) Lighting & motors b) Transformers c) HV- Feeder Panels d) All the aboveFind the odd retrofit group from the following: a) Occupancy sensors b) timer based control c) photo sensors d) capacitor based controlApplication of occupancy sensors is well suited for ___. a) day light based controllers b) night based controllers c) motor controllers d) movement or noise detector in room spaceThe characteristic of conventional ballast in lighting application is one among the following: a) They have low operational losses than electronic ballasts. b) They have tuned circuit to deliver power at 25 Hz c) They do not require a mechanical switch (starter) d) They have high operational losses and high temperature riseSelect the application of fluid coupling fitting from the following: a) acts as a voltage limiter b) enables no-load start-up of prime-mover c) works on the principle of eddy current d) none of the aboveThe basic functions of electronic ballast excludes one of the following: a) to ignite the lamp b) to stabilize the gas discharge c) to reduce lumen output of the lamp d) to supply power to the lampEnergy efficient transformer core is made up of ______. a) silicon alloyed iron (grain oriented) b) copper c) amorphous core - metallic glass alloy d) none of the aboveAs an energy efficient application, slip power recovery system fits well for ____. a) Squirrel cage and slip ring motors b) DC motor c) Slip ring motors only d) None of the aboveEnergy savings potential of variable torque applications compared to constant torque application is: a) higher b) lower c) equal d) none of the above&LVAL2 Z , B  ,8xfWrite short notes on Energy Efficient Lighting Controls.Why variable torque loads offer greatest energy savings? Explain electronic methods of speed controllers?List any 5 different types of energy efficient retrofits? Explain their application and benefits in 2-3 lines each.Explain at least two automatic power factor control methods?Explain the functions and benefits of a demand controllerFew actions on retrofitting a lighting installation are given below; briefly indicate areas where this retrofit can play a role in facility.List various energy efficient lighting controls.At least name two applications each for  Photo-sensors and  Timer-controls ? Applications of  photo-sensors  Briefly explain the functions of electronic ballast.Write a brief note on energy efficient transformers?Indicate where this retrofit can play a role in an industrial facilityName any 4 retrofit actions at a facility having more than 100 standard efficiency motors in operation?Explain slip power recovery system as a speed control mechanism of motors?Explain the principle of Eddy current drive mechanism for motors.What are the means of varying speeds of induction motor?List the applications of variable frequency drive control for motors operating on pumps and fans.Briefly describe the principle of variable frequency driveExplain the affinity laws concerning variable torque loads.Briefly explain the advantages of electronic soft-starters?Write brief notes on soft-startersWhat are the technical aspects of energy efficient motors?Name watt loss areas for improvement by using energy efficient motors?What is APFC? What are its advantages?Briefly explain the benefits of employing a demand controllerEnergy efficient lighting can be planned by using the following retrofits.  State True or False a) photo-sensor b) timer c) occupancy sensor d) localized switchingNLVAL  f" For avoiding throttling with pumps & fans " To meet variable head requirement during cycle of operation " To meet intermittent variations in requirement of flow/headThe VFD operates on a simple principle. The rotational speed of an AC induction motor depends on the number of poles in that stator and the frequency of the applied AC power. Although the number pole in an induction motor cannot be altered easily, variable speed can be achieved through a variation in frequency. The VFD rectifies standard 50 cycle AC line power to DC, then synthesis the DC to a variable frequency AC output.The following laws illustrate these relationships. " Flow is proportional to speed " Head is proportional to (speed)2 " Torque is proportional to (speed)2 " Power is proportional to (speed)3Soft starter provides a reliable and economical solution to these problems by delivering a controlled release of power to the motor, thereby providing smooth, stepless acceleration and deceleration. Motor life will be extended as damage to windings and bearings is reduced. Soft Start & Soft Stop is built into 3 phase units, providing controlled starting and stopping with a selection of ramp times and current limit settings to suit all applications.Energy-efficient motors last longer, and may require less maintenance. At lower temperatures, bearing grease lasts longer; required time between re-greasing increases. Lower temperatures translate to long lasting insulation. Generally, motor life doubles for each 10C reduction in operating temperature. Speed control is crucial in some applications. In polyphase induction motors, slip is a measure of motor winding losses. The lower the slip, the higher the efficiency. Less slippage in energy efficient motors results in speeds about 1% faster than in standard counterparts. Starting torque for efficient motors may be lower than for standard motors. Facility managers should be careful when applying efficient motors to high torque applications.LVAL@(" Replace with high Efficiency motors based on good running hours " Install variable speed drive controls for variable load cycle applications " Install two speed drives having specific application " Install flat belts drives at specific areas having V belt drivesSlip power recovery system is a more efficient alternative speed control mechanism for use with slip ring motors. In essence, a slip power recovery system varies the rotor voltage to control speed, but instead of dissipating power through resistors, this excess power is collected from the slip rings and returned as mechanical power to the shaft or as electrical power back to the supply line. Because of the relatively sophisticated equipment needed, slip power recovery tends to the economical only in relatively high power applications and where the motor speed range is 1:5 or less.Eddy current drive mechanism employs an eddy current clutch to vary the output speed. The clutch consists of two parts, primary member and secondary member. The primary member is coupled to the motor shaft while the secondary member is a free revolving part coupled to the load shaft. The secondary member is separately excited using a DC field winding (rotating coil). The motor starts with load at rest and a DC excitation is provided to the secondary member. This induces eddy current in the primary member. The interaction of the fluxes produces by the two currents gives rise to a torque at the load shaft. By varying the DC excitation the output speed can be varied to match the load requirements. The major disadvantage of this system is relatively power efficiency particularly at low speeds.Speed can be varied by a) varying resistance of rotor circuit b) using multispeed windings c) using scherbius or Kramer drives d) using mechanical means such as gears & pulleys e) eddy current or fluid coupling f) variable frequency driveLVAL The following are various energy efficient lighting controls. a) use of occupancy sensors b) time based control c) photoelectric sensor control d) localized switching Using the above combinations, savings in lighting energy can be realized.Applications of  photo-sensors  " Controlling motor operation in carding machine in a textile industry " Unmanned area light/lux level control " Operation of water taps, etc. Applications of  timer-controls " Street light control, " motor control during starting (star-delta) and for sequencing the line operation such as conveyors etc.The high frequency electronic ballast overcomes the above drawbacks. The basic functions of electronic ballast are: 1. To ignite the lamp 2. To stabilize the gas discharge 3. To supply the power to the lamp The electronic ballasts make use of modern power semi-conductor devices for their operation. The circuit components form a tuned circuit to deliver power to the lamp at a high resonant frequency (in the vicinity of 25 kHz) and voltage is regulated through an in-built feedback mechanisThe energy efficient transformers use amorphous material-a metallic glass alloy material for the core. The expected reduction in energy loss over conventional transformers is roughly around 70%, which is quite significant. By using an amorphous core with unique physical and magnetic properties  these new types of transformers have increased efficiencies even at low loads  98.5% efficiency at 35% load.A. Install High Efficiency motors B. Install Adjustable Speed Drives Motors A. As replacement to standard efficiency motors B. For damper controlled Fans and pumps LVAL A. Install High Efficiency Lighting with Electronic Ballasts B. Install Occupancy Sensors C. Install Light Sensors (Photocells) D. Install Skylights and Delamp E. Delamp in Overlit Areas A. In Large production shops/hangars B. At Conference halls C. For street-lighting/building lighting and areas having day-lighting D. Entrances of offices/buildings, passages E. Warehouses, passages, corridors and less occupied areas [<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_ <_ <_ <_ <_ <_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_ <_!<_"<_#<_$<_%<_&<_'<_(<_)<_*<_+<_, [ @ @ @ @ @  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _  _  _  _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _! _" _# _$ _% _& _' _( _) _* _+ _,(LVAL8         kzO[[IIzStats 5     Yes/No   j p/F@C QY- ZN jj-- Y  dY  Y  dY Y Y  Y Z Y  Y Y   Y  ZY   Y  Y   Y ZY  Y Y  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5jjYYBook NoChapter Nojjjjjj j j j j j jjj v1b N  : k & @@ @ (D(LVAL N  DZ$0.HOutput power requirements of constant torque loads vary with _____. a) Speed b) voltage c) Current d) power factorFive percent increase in supply frequency will change the synchronous speed by _____. a) -5% b) +5% c) -10% d) +10%Reduction in supply voltage by 10% will change the torque of the motor by ___. a) 38% b) 19% c) 9.5% d) no changeWhich of the following are ill suited for energy efficient motors application? a) Pumps b) Fans c) Punch Presses d) All the aboveThe speed of the motor can be varied by ___. a) Changing supply frequency b) Varying the input voltage c) Using multi speed windings d) All the aboveThe speed of an AC motor depends on ____ . a) Frequency b) No. of poles c) both (a) and (b) d) None of the aboveApplication of DC motors is generally restricted to a few load speed applications because of _____. a) cost of the motor is high b) problems with mechanical commutation c) Maintenance problems d) None of the aboveWith decrease in speed of the motor, the required capacitive kVAr: a) Increases b) Decreases c) Does not change d) None of the aboveUnbalance in voltages at motor terminals is caused by ____. a) Supplying single phase loads disproportionately b) Use of different sizes of cables c) Both (a) & (b) d) None of the aboveWhat determines the thermal loading on the motor? a) Duty/Load cycle b) Temperature of the winding c) Age of the motor d) Ambient conditionsWhich types of following motors are most efficient? a) TEFC b) SPDP c) Both d) NoneThe power consumption, in case of centrifugal loads (like pump, fan, blower etc.), proportional to ____. a) speed b) square of speed c) cube of speed d) not applicableThe efficiency figures for energy efficient motors (in comparison with standard efficiency motor) can be generally higher by____%. a) 1% b) 3-7% c) 10% and above d) 8-10%The synchronous speed of a motor with 6 poles and operating at 50 Hz frequency is ___. a) 1500 b) 1000 c) 3000 d) 750LVAL\ x ` 0R.rF#http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/mc-0381.pdf##http://www.iea.org/textbase/work/2006/motor/De%20ALMEIDA%20IEA-Motor-Part-I-15-May-06-Final.pdf##http://www.iea.org/textbase/work/2006/motor/De%20ALMEIDA%20IEA-Motor-Part-I-15-May-06-Final.pdf##http://www.bacharach-training.com/norm/electric.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0072465239&id=ltg6QWnn2_4C&pg=PA395&lpg=PA395&ots=Mzh4NxaWVn&dq=stray+losses+induction+motor&sig=0EhrPLDj-p1XZAUyeX__9hM7J1E##http://tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v4/css/h1011v4_29.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&ots=94bjapdmlA&dq=constant+torque+load+output+power+speed&sig=f8eotVVONpi7pEa6VkHtaDpMxqM##http://www.cee1.org/ind/mot-rep/mot-rep-guide.pdf##http://members.rediff.com/seetech/Motors.htm##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive##http://www.elec-toolbox.com/Formulas/Motor/mtrform.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6YOO&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=cbVouKvENRjM7NP-ti7MMu7JXzo##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive##http://www.compumotor.com/literature/pg235_eng_tech.htm##http://www.electricmotors.machinedesign.com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee1/bdeee1_3.aspx##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750694831&id=th0_HYbmFYwC&pg=RA1-PA412&lpg=RA1-PA412&ots=2g3eHTMXj0&dq=TEFC+motors&sig=FMzGXP89TdlgXWZy1XkClQmIosA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0125816502&id=072rwRgFpcgC&pg=PA631&lpg=PA631&ots=o5GdAKKy53&dq=power+consumption+AC+motors+speed&sig=_NAxrXp5lK8ASNU65kZj9HSPijA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6YOO&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=cbVouKvENRjM7NP-ti7MMu7JXzo##http://www.ebmpapst.co.uk/assets/PDF/technical%20library/Synchronous%20Speed.pdf#FLVAL(  T t H8t#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849300045&id=thOPkFjrj5MC&pg=RA3-PA765&lpg=RA3-PA765&ots=JelN5OOhPK&dq=stray+losses+induction+motor+proportional&sig=2fEU7Vz7bT4_wUjAXY0t1p9pvnI##http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?nodeId=02nQXGrrlPglzQMszY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824792750&id=XOT8PLMRHR8C&pg=RA1-PA329&lpg=RA1-PA329&ots=fFNq268BNH&dq=constant+torque+load+output+power+speed&sig=M8I7_pUMgB0wt1JqiVGyE3KisDo##http://www.mae.ncsu.edu/courses/mae406/eckerlin/motors%20and%20compressed%20air%20presentation.ppt#279,24,Centrifugal Compressor Advantages / Disadvantages##http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V30-4DD8JD0-2&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2005&_alid=514711189&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5716&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=76e95f825067003b2e29faa6d9a44d67##http://www.elec-toolbox.com/Formulas/Motor/mtrform.htm##http://www.aveox.com/technical/dc.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA291&lpg=RA3-PA291&ots=_fOSo_-xP6&dq=construction+energy+efficient+motors&sig=RE0mimALi7fas4hroFRuXOlIqrc##http://www.elec-toolbox.com/Formulas/Motor/mtrform.htm##http://www.elec-toolbox.com/Formulas/Motor/mtrform.htm##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0521478138&id=UEqt1-gEQbUC&pg=RA1-PA136&lpg=RA1-PA136&ots=Bq7eQFYwGx&dq=duty+cycle+motors&sig=3vblR2YK7e5FHoNET7J9ge2-TNM##http://www.dodge-reliance.com/pdf/magazine/volume_16/drmagvol16_when_good_isn't_good.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0852967934&id=KPpl49vhgDAC&pg=RA4-PA169&lpg=RA4-PA169&ots=EN4yBfPsg6&dq=power+consumption+AC+motors+speed&sig=Bi4HmltCBUwqI-ZIyENEfqYSGSs##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA291&lpg=RA3-PA291&ots=_fOSo_-xP6&dq=construction+energy+efficient+motors&sig=RE0mimALi7fas4hroFRuXOlIqrc##http://tpub.com/content/neets/14177/css/14177_92.htm#"LVALV< V b 6 v&`4x:b#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734551&id=l7yjOixlVaYC&pg=RA2-PA209&lpg=RA2-PA209&ots=CMGSlsiF0n&dq=energy+efficient++motor&sig=m_k7Ts4H0ytvBZJVqUfj7RV5pAY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070359717&id=syYzTjt_wdIC&pg=PA231&lpg=PA231&dq=losses+motor&sig=ikBbWrtA-DZ5q4XeYMSXa4Xf4Go##http://www.orientalmotor.com/support/mtr_sizing_select.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070359717&id=syYzTjt_wdIC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=%25+slip+synchronous+motor&sig=zomBDWGF295tj7QhMkTOG9fTyj8#PPA142,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?ct=title&lr=&q=energy+efficient++motor+applications&as_brr=0##http://tristate.apogee.net/mnd/msmrtor.asp##http://www.leeric.lsu.edu/bgbb/7/ecep/hvac/d/d.htm##http://cda.org.uk/Megab2/elecapps/casestud/sec21.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881733865&id=FLIsebtM7REC&pg=RA1-PA482&lpg=RA1-PA482&ots=2OjMNbjRDY&dq=energy+manager+minimize+voltage+unbalance&sig=CbxapThC4cgUaM97-dJzRxVjUzk##http://www.p2pays.org/ref/32/31313.pdf##http://www.p2pays.org/ref/32/31313.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0073660094&id=YBKk4kWSle0C&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&ots=RkCR0r_dFl&dq=stray+losses+induction+motor+proportional&sig=wdV4JzvQNANP5Ksb4y3OAx4bAsE##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor##http://www.p2pays.org/ref/14/13888.pdf##http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Ene3.pdf##http://www.lmphotonics.com/faq/faq_qanda.php?id=5##http://www.hansen-motor.com/synchronous-motors.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?ct=title&lr=&q=energy+efficient++motor+applications&as_brr=0##http://www.hansen-motor.com/synchronous-motors.htm##http://www.hansen-motor.com/synchronous-motors.htm##http://www.automotivedesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=60402428##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_cycle##http://www.oddparts.com/acsi/defines/tefc.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?ct=title&lr=&q=energy+efficient++motor+applications&as_brr=0##http://www.electricmotors.machinedesign.com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee11/bdeee11_7.aspx#LVALj@  p 2 ZR"4#http://www.20sim.com/webhelp4/Toolboxes/mechatronics/Servo_Motor_Editor/Theory/Torque_Speed_Plot/Losses.htm##http://www.co-design.co.uk/dpg/ele/ele3.html##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=ygFG1ZGtZPCj9ZuH63lDOGwStSU##http://www.lmphotonics.com/vsd/vsd_01.htm##http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_correcting_power_factor/##http://www.usmotors.com/products/ProFacts/1-127htm.htm##http://www.lmphotonics.com/energy.htm##http://www.lmphotonics.com/energy.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007072332X&id=TsXEHPofiAYC&pg=RA469-PA1&lpg=RA469-PA1&ots=QMMM6igk50&dq=stray+losses+induction+motor+proportional&sig=S932g-AQWzq_6u4-mJNk_N9vL7w##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0125816502&id=072rwRgFpcgC&pg=PA549&lpg=PA549&ots=o5FiyRSxa0&dq=AC+motors+type&sig=3xOFfWHoQiD2TO6KUZsEz10ZPME#PPA549,M1##http://pergatory.mit.edu/2.007/Resources/calculations/motorcalc/motorcalc.html##http://www.industrialefficiencyalliance.org/documents/EASARepairRewind.pdf##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/synchronous-motor-frequency-speed-d_649.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=ygFG1ZGtZPCj9ZuH63lDOGwStSU##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/synchronous-motor-frequency-speed-d_649.html##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/synchronous-motor-frequency-speed-d_649.html##http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci499861,00.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540006664&id=P72FI9iFfx8C&pg=PA306&lpg=PA306&ots=mYb3HXbPF-&dq=TEFC+motors&sig=ze_Vp-Zsh3KvR9_ywAsWEvL3npA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=ygFG1ZGtZPCj9ZuH63lDOGwStSU##http://tristate.apogee.net/mnd/mfpsync.asp#<LVAL`" h  f B 4TLbv#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540006664&id=P72FI9iFfx8C&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=qLUgAPmt-5CE836_-cat2ZGfSZg##http://www.pacificpower.net/File/File22466.pdf##http://www.lmphotonics.com/energy.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6RWO&dq=selection+motor&sig=qKjFa8b_Iryqds7StV60M72Qhu8#PRA2-PA65,M1##http://www.hansen-motor.com/synchronous-motors.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540006664&id=P72FI9iFfx8C&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=qLUgAPmt-5CE836_-cat2ZGfSZg##http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p012399.hcsp##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Rea49.pdf##http://www.pacificpower.net/File/File22466.pdf##http://www.psnh.com/Energy/ReduceBill_Business/PowerFactor.asp##http://www.psnh.com/Energy/ReduceBill_Business/PowerFactor.asp##http://turbolab.tamu.edu/pubs/Pump20/p20pg095.PDF##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471445061&id=bCOJLo9xJX0C&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&ots=tr8IWuXwSz&dq=AC+motors+type&sig=WMeGJ3AhuDoSt8tS1wrRTJ_l9E8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412991810&id=FzPEJyDTqtEC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=constant+torque+load+output+power+speed&sig=bTe9AUpV-JLpO8oVW-zaIuXfWCA##http://www2.gepower.com/ext226/gers/thtml/motor/workscopes/workscopeStatorRewindACInductionSynchronousMotor.html##http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102004/1011.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540006664&id=P72FI9iFfx8C&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=qLUgAPmt-5CE836_-cat2ZGfSZg##http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102004/1011.pdf##http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102004/1011.pdf##http://tristate.apogee.net/mnd/mgdutyc.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540006664&id=P72FI9iFfx8C&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=qLUgAPmt-5CE836_-cat2ZGfSZg##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/synchronous-motor-frequency-speed-d_649.html#itw `  F   tNYI[UOI[32.7@sn@v@u@ tv@wp@x`@pj^RF:." U32.6@sf@vB@un@ tR@nRRRF:." 32.4T@s@v,@u,@ t@n@oN@pj^RF:." U32.5@ s@vx@ub@ tx@n\@oD@pj^RF:." U32.3@ sl@vj@uH@t>@nZ@oh@pj^RF:." U32.6D@ s@rT@ul@t@n>@o>@pj^RF:." U32.9@ s@rj@u@tX@nV@o@pj^RF:." U32.7@ s@rJ@uh@th@nr@op@pj^RF:." U32.7@s@r\@up@tl@nRRRF:." 32.7d@sP@r@l@tv@np@o`@ pj^RF:." U32.4@s"@r@l@tP@nN@ o@ pj^RF:." _32.9@s d) A & C@l@tP@nN@ o@ pth\PD8" _32.4@sd) all the abovej@l@tYYYYMA" 32.4@sd@rL@lv@mf@ nv@ of@ pj^RF:." U32.2 @sd) all of the abovep@l@mZ@ nD@ o(@ pth\PD" U32.9@ k a) Speedb@ lr@ mP@ n@ o@@pth\PD8" U32.8@sd) all the abovef@ l:@ mv@ n@o@p|pdXL@" }32.7@sa) Operating in Star mode\@ l@ mf@ nmmmaUI"  32.3@ k b) +5%n@ lp@ mh@n@ob@pth\PD8"  32.7@ kb) 19%p@ lP@ mNNNNB6"  32.6 @ kc) Punch PressesT@ll@m@n>@o>@p|pdXL@" U 32.36@ kd) All the aboven@lp@mh@n@ob@p}qeYMA"  32.3@kc) both (a) and (b)n@lp@mh@n@ob@psg[OC" 32.9@kN@rr@lt@m@nRRRF:." 32.7@ka) Increases<<<<<<" 32.7z@kc) Both (a) & (b)AAAAAA" 32.5"@ka) Duty/Load cycle@lF@mR@n@oX@p~rfZNB" U32.2@k a) TEFC:@l@m^@n*@ogg[OC7" U32.9X@kc) cube of speedV@lf@mXXXXL@" 32.6^@k b) 3-7%T@ll@m@n>@o>@psg[OC7" U32.3@k b) 1000@ll@m@nX@o@psg[OC7" ULVALN, An "energy efficient" motor produces the same shaft output power (HP), but uses less input power (kW) than a standard-efficiency motor.Constant Torque Loads: Conveyors, rotary kilns, constant displacement pumps Variable torque loads: Centrifugal pumps and fans.The size of capacitor required for a particular motor depends upon the no-load reactive kVA (kVAR) drawn by the motor, which can be determined only from no-load testing of the motor. In general, the capacitor is then selected to not exceed 90 % of the no-load kVAR of the motor. (Higher capacities could result in over-voltages and motor burn-outs). Alternatively, typical power factors of standard motors can provide the basis for conservative estimates of capacitor ratings to use for different size motors.For motors which consistently operate at loads below 50 % of rated capacity, an inexpensive and effective measure might be to operate in star mode. A change from the standard delta operation to star operation involves re-configuring the wiring of the three phases of power input at the terminal box. Operating in the star mode leads to a voltage reduction by a factor of   . Motor output falls to one-third of the value in the delta mode, but performance characteristics as a function of load remain unchanged. Thus, full-load operation in star mode gives higher efficiency and power factor than partial load operation in the delta mode. However, motor operation in the star mode is possible only for applications where the torque-to-speed requirement is lower at reduced load.Percentage unbalance in voltage is defined as [(Vmax  Vavg)/Vavg] x 100, where Vmax and Vavg is the largest and the average of the three phase voltages respectively.The important parameters that attribute to efficiency of electricity use by AC induction Motors are 1. Efficiency of the motor 2. Power Factorb) proportional to the square of the rotor currentb) problems with mechanical commutationLVAL& 8H(Comment on  construction aspects how an  energy efficient motor is different from a  standard motor ?What steps should an energy manager take to minimize voltage unbalance?Write the relation to determine the energy savings by motor replacement with energy efficient one.What are the types of losses in any motor?List down some of the important parameters that influence the motor selection?What is synchronous speed and how to determine the % slip of a motor?What is an energy efficient motor?Write some applications of constant torque and variable torque loads.What is the thumb rule for installing capacitors to motor terminal?Why is it beneficial to operate motors in star mode for under loaded motors?How do you define percentage unbalance in voltage?Name the two important parameters that attribute to efficiency of electricity use by AC induction Motors?Machine tools are a typical example of a) Constant power load b) Constant torque load c) Variable torque load d) A & CWhich of the following information available on name plate of a motor? a) HP rating b) RPM c) Frame model d) all the aboveStray losses in an induction motor generally are ____ . a) proportional to the square of the stator current b) proportional to the square of the rotor current c) proportional to the rotor current d) inversely proportional to the square of rotor currentWhich of the following is an AC motor? a) Slip ring motor b) Synchronous motor c) Squirrel cage Induction d) all of the aboveWhich of the following needs to be measured after rewinding of motor? a) No load current b) winding resistance c) air gap d) all the aboveThe inexpensive way to improving energy efficiency of a motor which operates consistently at below 40% of rated capacity is by _____. a) Operating in Star mode b) Replacing with correct sized motor c) Operating in delta mode d) None$LVAL2.0 X  nBjT#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849331544&id=a76NLkq-QwIC&pg=RA5-PA155&lpg=RA5-PA155&ots=2vdWi7kJ3c&dq=advantages+induction+motor&sig=hKGrKRCsUrWwqbD5hoRWHX5NljU##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1428917802&id=h1ryoh5ObUkC&pg=RA1-PA200&lpg=RA1-PA200&ots=Nbm1xlGvQd&dq=multi+speed+motor&sig=RrdpgQxENTf9aU_0m5m_RFIFh98##http://www.answers.com/topic/shaded-pole-synchronous-motor##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA291&lpg=RA3-PA291&ots=_fOSo_-xP6&dq=construction+energy+efficient+motors&sig=RE0mimALi7fas4hroFRuXOlIqrc##http://www.energyexperts.org/energy_solutions/res_list.cfm?category=Motor%20Systems&subcategory=Operation%20and%20Maintenance##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849325145&id=QD74sZoM_4sC&pg=RA7-PA382&lpg=RA7-PA382&ots=V4ny__PJ4g&dq=energy+efficient++motor&sig=T09K7U9eSV7EzKEEVBZJEcywV1I#PRA7-PA383,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766818993&id=8pOzsTrJzM0C&pg=PA294&lpg=PA294&ots=-FDROIbJ9j&dq=losses+motor&sig=Jf3Wff0v2KMhdQLLQZTKBRHyiIQ##http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_ten_tips_proper/##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750699485&id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&ots=4MyxCYLJbU&dq=%25+slip+synchronous+motor&sig=wAsNxXhpi5wK1ReA2dx5EAVU8pM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA291&lpg=RA3-PA291&ots=_fOSo_-xP6&dq=construction+energy+efficient+motors&sig=RE0mimALi7fas4hroFRuXOlIqrc##http://web1.automationdirect.com/adc/Overview/Catalog/AC_Drives_-z-_Motors/Marathon_Inverter_Duty_Motors##http://www.kettering.edu/~bguru/EE342/EE342-01.pdf##http://www.energyinst.org.uk/content/files/5motors.pdf##http://www.energyexperts.org/energy_solutions/res_list.cfm?category=Motor%20Systems&subcategory=Operation%20and%20Maintenance##http://www.bchydro.com/business/investigate/investigate784.html##http://www.bchydro.com/business/investigate/investigate784.html##http://www.achrnews.com/CDA/Articles/Service_and_Maintenance/d690c3d56ee5a010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____#LVALZ 2 L n<N^#http://www.me.ua.edu/me465/PDF/Motor_Selection_Sizing1.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071396039&id=UTF1TbjKG1oC&pg=PR133&lpg=PR133&ots=K0XUJbbVje&dq=losses+induction+motor&sig=s-6Ht_EumHBhsiJO8GtCsdh8Zkk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6YOO&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=cbVouKvENRjM7NP-ti7MMu7JXzo##http://home.earthlink.net/~jimlux/hv/pfc.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766836460&id=CWxNPIkij4EC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&ots=Y5AjHTpszP&dq=capacitor+ratings+motor&sig=nw8nhMm2YS1dxWaORuXI7LgLyiE##http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/electric_motors1.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766817385&id=y2QfZVUPCHMC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&ots=VP8txA61Pu&dq=multi+speed+motor&sig=VWg7qTYJZfkO7xrzOFuoaI2Az2M##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN085296921X&id=l58MJNNCBoAC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&ots=O7jWNw8MZI&dq=Synchronous+motor&sig=WtAjKzqBaOhlbBE09aAsgyIPYUc##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6YOO&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=cbVouKvENRjM7NP-ti7MMu7JXzo##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/mc-0381.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881733695&id=4tyI9YP_YtgC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&ots=wgyRYYTuWK&dq=energy+efficient++motor&sig=NBNEBINX7QlUXDd584VNjrcDQQc##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750699485&id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&ots=4MyxBZNIbM&dq=losses+motor&sig=Qoo1IQMYnjLmPslkq14Fl-94-tQ##http://www.me.ua.edu/me465/PDF/Motor_Selection_Sizing1.pdf##http://www.ieee-kc.org/library/motors/motorslip.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6YOO&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=cbVouKvENRjM7NP-ti7MMu7JXzo##http://www.ab.com/drives/techpapers/LoadTypes01.pdf##http://www.bhc.co.uk/pdf/MS_Cat.pdf##http://members.rediff.com/seetech/Motors.htm#LVAL ^Hjclick the view ans button and see long answer type Q No.4click the view ans button and see long answer type Q No.3click the view ans button and see long answer type Q No.2click the view ans button and see long answer type Q No.1click the view ans button and see short answer Q No 33Comment on  construction aspects how an  energy efficient motor is different from a  standard motor ? Energy efficient motors have the following positive features compared to standard motor: - Higher quality low loss laminations for magnetic circuit - More & better quality copper in the windings. - Better quality insulation - Optimised air gap between the rotor and stator. - Reduced fan losses. - Closer matching tolerances - A greater core length1. Balancing any single phase loads equally among all three phases 2. Segregating any single phase loads which disturb the load balance and feed them from a separate line/transformerclick the view ans button and see short ans Q No.30The losses in any motor are shown below: Fixed Loses  core loss, friction & windage loss. Variable Losses - Copper & Stray LossesThe following parameters influence the motor selection: (a) Torque requirement/load characteristics (b) Ambient operating conditions Anticipated switching frequency (d) Reliability (e) Inventory (f) Price (g) efficiencyWhat is synchronous speed and how to determine the % slip of a motor? The speed of a motor is the number of revolutions in a given time frame, typically revolutions per minute (RPM). The speed of an AC motor depends on the frequency of the input power and the number of poles for which the motor is wound. The synchronous speed in RPM is given by the following equation, where the frequency is in hertz or cycles per second: a) Synchronous speed(RPM)=(120 x frequency)/ No. of poles b) Slip (%) = [(Synchronous Speed Full Load Speed)/Synchronous Speed] x 100LVAL  b  ~ & j#http://www.joliettech.com/abb_guide-to-harmonics-with-ac-drives.htm#basics-of-the-harmonics-phenomena##http://www.santee-cooper.com/yourbusiness/Commercial_Saver/Final%20PDFs/MotorSystemMaintenance-ABest-PracticeApproach.pdf##http://www.orientalmotor.com/support/mtr_sizing_select.htm##http://www.lmphotonics.com/m_control.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?ct=title&lr=&q=energy+efficient++motor+applications&as_brr=0##http://tristate.apogee.net/mnd/msfcorr.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070466416&id=UUbj8k2l7QUC&pg=RA192-PA1&lpg=RA192-PA1&ots=fkKOcWwfVX&dq=capacitor+ratings+motor&sig=WhTHlZf9JB9FXwUifLu9GGnRV1w##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA618&lpg=PA618&ots=94bielghkF&dq=advantages+induction+motor&sig=YZ3qXF5YC2p3ym6KFHyvBsWxxbk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071363599&id=YCc1IygllLkC&pg=RA10-PA228&lpg=RA10-PA228&ots=iokl6Y7UOW&dq=multi+speed+motor&sig=5PKDK2cPKkuhoSzctoIJ1YJJmQg##http://tpub.com/content/neets/14177/css/14177_92.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?ct=title&lr=&q=energy+efficient++motor+applications&as_brr=0##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881733865&id=FLIsebtM7REC&pg=RA1-PA482&lpg=RA1-PA482&ots=2OjMNbjRDY&dq=energy+manager+minimize+voltage+unbalance&sig=CbxapThC4cgUaM97-dJzRxVjUzk#LVAL R ^ : zj#http://www.memagazine.org/supparch/mepower01/5thharm/5thharm.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071363599&id=YCc1IygllLkC&pg=RA31-PA314&lpg=RA31-PA314&dq=good+maintenance+practice+motor&sig=yP9AQo6I21EKlPHh9DRVJGfotjA#PPA3,M1##http://www.co-design.co.uk/dpg/ele/ele3.html##http://members.rediff.com/seetech/Motors.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=ygFG1ZGtZPCj9ZuH63lDOGwStSU##http://my.dteenergy.com/business/manufacturing/powerFactor.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750699485&id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=capacitor+ratings+motor&sig=W9KuV3DO83VlkRZA4v6MEcrZfug##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8170082226&id=mcT2MXb1-4wC&pg=PA391&lpg=PA391&ots=GWe4-2G-el&dq=advantages+induction+motor&sig=GEWbTsJL43e5BLdTckb8-ctX3uY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1586033298&id=WkDRJkJThVcC&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&ots=ApUza81uU6&dq=multi+speed+motor&sig=qcdD0jo0PC68C2H6bLXmA8K9jD4##http://www.engineersedge.com/motors/synchronous_motor.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=ygFG1ZGtZPCj9ZuH63lDOGwStSU##http://www.usmotors.com/products/ProFacts/1-127htm.htm#l i}6l f ` f ` -32.6@ zr@{......" ,32.7@ zr@ vv@p@~@ w@ x@|j^RF:." 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ULVAL ~ , V J 4 Calculate the annual energy savings and simple payback from replacing an existing standard motor with a premium efficiency Motor versus repairing a standard efficiency motor with a sample exampleWhat are the effects of harmonics on motor operation and performance?Write the checklist of good maintenance practices for proper motor operation?What are the factors to be considered while selecting a motor?What are the losses in the  induction motor and briefly explain them?List down some ill suited applications for  energy efficient motors ?Write some strategies for correcting poor power factor in motors?How do you size the capacitor rating required for an induction motor?Why  induction motors are so popular over all types of motors?Write a short note on a  multi-speed motor ?Give short note on the features of a Synchronous motor?A 4-pole 415 V 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs at 1440 RPM at .88 pf lagging and delivers 10.817 kW. The stator loss is 1060 W, and friction & windage losses are 375 W. Calculate A.Slip B.Rotor Copper loss C.Line current D.EfficiencyA 440 V, 20 HP 3-ph motor operates at full load, 88% efficiency and 0.65 power factor lagging: A. Find the current drawn by the motor B. Find the real and reactive power absorbed by the motoVLVALnjclick the view ans button and see long answer type Q No.5AC power is fed to the stator of the synchronous motor. The rotor is fed by DC from a separate source. The rotor magnetic field locks onto the stator rotating magnetic field and rotates at the same speed. The speed of the rotor is a function of the supply frequency and the number of magnetic poles in the stator. While induction motors with a slip, i.e., rpm is less than the synchronous speed, the synchronous motor rotate with no slip i.e., the rpm is same as the synchronous speed governed by supply frequency and number of poles. The slip energy is provided by DC excitation powerAnswer:Supply frequency (f) =50Hz No. of poles (P)=4 Synchronous speed (Ns)=120f/P=1500 RPM Actual speed (Nm)=1440 RPM A. Slip(s) = (Ns  Nm)/ Ns = 0.04pu B.Motor output=10817W Stator Cu loss=1060W Friction & windage =375W Motor Output= Rotor Input  Rotor Copper loss  Friction & windage loss -- Eq. (1) We know Rotor Input = Rotor Copper loss/ slip Substituting in Eq. (1) Rotor Copper Loss = (Motor output + Friction & windage loss) x slip/ (1- slip) Therefore,Rotor Copper loss= (10817+375) x 0.04/ (1-0.04) Rotor Copper loss= 466.33W C. Motor input = Rotor input + Stator loss Rotor input = Rotor Copper loss/slip = 466.33/0.04 = 11658W Motor input = 11658 + 1060 = 12718W V= 415 Volts; Cos f = 0.88lag; Line Current =Motor input/ (1.732 x V x Cos f) = 20.11A D. Efficiency = (Motor Output/Motor input) x 100% = (10817/12718) x 100 = 85%LVAL Z6 F  #http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/EEDOffice-w/Projects/CMS/LVPS/mg/8803PD9402.pdf##http://www.xcelenergy.com/docs/retail/busmrkts/EsourceMotorMaintenance.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824785967&id=tXym7Q7mi-wC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=WqyzRI6RWO&dq=selection+motor&sig=qKjFa8b_Iryqds7StV60M72Qhu8#PRA2-PA65,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540006664&id=P72FI9iFfx8C&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=energy+efficient++motor+applications&sig=qLUgAPmt-5CE836_-cat2ZGfSZg##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/29267-5.7.3.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071458875&id=jJP3omWG2EgC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=capacitor+ratings+motor&sig=uMACAENpOlGqtzDV8gVYdcBSqcA##http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?nodeId=02nQXG3MYxCKS2JjTF##http://www.sea.siemens.com/step/templates/lesson.mason?components:3:7:1##http://www.kilowattclassroom.com/Archive/SyncMotors.pdf#LVAL ,Because the favourable economics of energy-efficient motors are based on savings in operating costs, there may be certain cases which are generally economically ill-suited to energy-efficient motors. These include highly intermittent duty or special torque applications such as hoists and cranes, traction drives, punch presses, machine tools, and centrifuges.The following are strategies for correcting power factor in motors: 1. Minimise operation of idling or lightly loaded motors 2. Ensuring correct supply of rated voltage and phase balance 3. Installing capacitors to decrease reactive power loadsThe size of capacitor required for a particular motor depends upon the no-load reactive kVA (kVAR) drawn by the motor, which can be determined only from no-load testing of the motor. In general, for full loading operating motor, the capacitor selected to not exceed 90 % of the no-load kVAR of the motor. (Higher capacities could result in over-voltages and motor burn-outs)." Low cost (compared with DC) and Wide availability " Low maintenance - no brushes or commutator " Rugged design - can be used in harsh environments " Low inertia rotor designs " High electrical efficiency " Wide speed ranges No separately-powered field windingsMotors can be wound such that two speeds, in the ratio of 2:1, can be obtained. Motors can also be wound with two separate windings, each giving 2 operating speeds, for a total of four speeds. Multi-speed motors can be designed for applications involving constant torque, variable torque, or for constant output power. Multi-speed motors are suitable for applications which require limited speed control (two or three fixed speeds instead of continuously variable speed), in which cases they tend to be very economical.( LVALb F D #http://www.drives.co.uk/news/uknews/news_uknews467.htm##http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/challenge/publications/factsheets/fs9.html##http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_ten_tips_proper/##http://www.lmphotonics.com/energy.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA291&lpg=RA3-PA291&ots=_fOSo_-xP6&dq=construction+energy+efficient+motors&sig=RE0mimALi7fas4hroFRuXOlIqrc##http://www.lmphotonics.com/pwrfact.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0030595843&id=PpW71BbD8OYC&pg=RA2-PA42&lpg=RA2-PA42&ots=JC4XnbDqpA&dq=capacitor+ratings+motor&sig=VJ8yj6rdMLt-o3LBgZZIEh-0XGc# LVAL #http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_effects_harmonics_power_2/##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0765600501&id=Q_woD_FpxW4C&pg=RA4-PA167&lpg=RA4-PA167&ots=H0Rt0gVY0M&dq=good+maintenance+practice+motor&sig=uZpfWHULGNqX4WMthVU7HYFiiRQ#PRA4-PA166,M1# i<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q <q <q <q <q <q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<q<y<y<y<y<y<y<y<y<y<y <y <y <y <y  i @ @ @ @ @ qqqqqqqqqq q q q q qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqyyyyyyyyyy y y y y LVAL@MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  n f Uj觸.A>S/GpϺP@Bk3ch3Q1L]IV=.Sj觸.A>S/GBook NoW)g kLBRYj觸.A>S/GChapter No9FGphj觸.A>S/GSection NoLr=qzj觸.A>S/GSelect,WB<j觸.A>S/GQuestion type No%\@Fj觸.A>S/GQues NoC]kA,j觸.A>S/GQuestion Textx?=LI>j觸.A>S/GAnswerU/ɅiJCVSj觸.A>S/GLink1qLwN-\j觸.A>S/GStats 1^^~qAM/Rj觸.A>S/GLink2['bNoOj觸.A>S/GStats 2n?FޠL}lj觸.A>S/GLink3Tܔ7D#1Gj觸.A>S/GStats 3aDL'7|j觸.A>S/GLink4?(Kn>2j觸.A>S/GStats 4kzO[[IIj觸.A>S/GLink5p/F@Cj觸.A>S/GStats 5   j觸.A>S/GBook No       m       Q1L]IV=.SChapter No       0   m W)g kLBRYSection No       m       9FGphx Select     Yes/No   j Lr=qz& Question type No   $ General Number     m ,WB<؛Question No   $ General Number     m %\@F Question Text            C]kA,~ Answer            x?=LI>Hyperlink1            U/ɅiJCVS:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j qLwN-\Hyperlink2            ^^~qAM/R:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j ['bNoOHyperlink3            n?FޠL}l:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j Tܔ7D#1GHyperlink4            aDL'7|zStats 4     Yes/No   j ?(Kn>2| Link5   QY-N -- Y wdY  Y dY Y Y  Y r Y M Y dY   Y  iY   Y  oY   Y Y  Y dY  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5>QsoT>j/nYYBook NoChapter No    v1b N  : k & @ @ B pLVAL  Pd8Give major classifications of compressors and the basic principle of its workingIf the compressor of 200 cfm loads in 10 seconds and unloads in 20 seconds, the air leakage would be_____ a) 67 cfm b) 100 cfm c) 10 cfm d) 133 cfmThe percentage increase in power consumption of a compressor with suction side air filter and with the pressure drop across the filter of 200 mmWc is ____ a) 1.0% b) 3% c) 2.4% d) 1.6%For every 4C raise in air inlet temperature of an air compressor, the power consumption will increases by_____ a) 2% b) 1% c) 3% d) 4%The basic function of air dryer in a compressor is: a. prevent dust from entering compressor b. storage and smoothening pulsating air output c. reduce the temperature of the air before it enters the next state to increase efficiency d. to remove remaining traces of moisture after after-coolerThe ratio of isothermal power to actual measured input power of a compressor is known as: a) Isothermal efficiency b) Volumetric Efficiency c) Barometric efficiency d) NoneThe volumetric efficiency of the compressor ______ with the increase in altitude of place a) increases b) decreases c) does not change d) NoneThe compression ratios for axial flow compressors are ____. a) Lesser b) Higher c) moderate d) NoneThe discharge temperature of two stage compressor compared to single stage one is ____ a) Lesser b) Same c) Higher d) NoneThe specific power consumption of non lubricated compressor compared to lubricated type is ____ a) Lesser b) Same c) Higher d) NoneVertical type reciprocating compressors are used in the capacity range of _____ a) 50  150 cfm b) 200  500 cfm c) Above 10ooo cfm d) 10  50 cfmThe compressor capacity of a reciprocating compressor is directly proportional to __ a) Speed b) Pressure c) Volume d) AllWhich of the following type does Screw compressor belongs to? a) Positive displacement compressor b) Dynamic compressors c) Both a & b d) None of the aboveLVAL @ d bbclick the view ans button and see short answer Q No. 27The major limitation of a centrifugal compressor is that is operates at peak efficiency at design point only and any deviation from the operating point is detrimental to its performance. When selecting centrifugal compressors, close attention should be paid during system design to ensure that at high pressure, with the consequent reduction in flow, the surge point is not reached.Rotary compressors have rotors in place of pistons and give a continuous, pulsation free discharge. They operate at high speed and generally provide higher throughput than reciprocating compressors. They are directly coupled to the prime mover and require lower starting torque as compared to reciprocating machines. Also they require smaller foundations, vibrate less, and have a lower number of parts which are subject to wear.The system leakage is calculated by: System leakage in  m3/min = QxT --------- T+t WhereQ = Actual free air being supplied during trial in m3/min T = Load time in minutes t = Unload time in minutes = 200 x 10 / (10 + 20) = 67 m3/minThe major classifications of compressors are positive displacement and dynamic type. Positive displacement can be further divided in to (a) Reciprocating (b) Rotary. Dynamic compressors divided into Radial and Axial. In case of positive displacement compressors increase the pressure of air/gas by reducing the volume. Dynamic compressors increase the air or gas velocity, which is then converted to increase the pressure.a) Two stage reciprocating compressorsc. For every 4 oC rise in the inter air temperature, the increase in energy consumption is by 1%d) The compressor should not be operated close to the surge pointd. to remove remaining traces of moisture after after-coolera) Positive displacement compressorlLVAL4 X Jh`:#http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/labcombustion/EMEEcourse/presentations/trab8.pdf##http://www.yaskawa.com/site/Industries.nsf/applicationDoc/appcompress.html##http://www.donaldson.com/en/gasturbine/support/datalibrary/001520.pdf##http://www.p2pays.org/ref/32/31230.pdf##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Workshop%20exercise%20-%20Compressors%20and%20compressed%20air%20system.pdf##http://www.ab.ust.hk/sepo/boiler04.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734330&id=eYJIv2wZtXEC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&vq=prevent+surge&dq=prevent+surging+centrifugal+compressors&sig=2dUpScv299PlBVzBSTkhg105qIY##http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT5306116&id=iIQiAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22Lee%22+%22Surge+control+and+recovery+for+a+centrifugal+compressor%22+##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA119&lpg=RA2-PA119&dq=rotary+compressor&sig=gfWcefiF-1MucZjL7BS8HbJp1oM##http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/aircomp-guide2.pdf##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger##http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/aircomp-guide2.pdf##http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/labcombustion/EMEEcourse/presentations/trab8.pdf##http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT5306116&id=iIQiAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22Lee%22+%22Surge+control+and+recovery+for+a+centrifugal+compressor%22+##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0884155250&id=VreR8GlfCCIC&pg=RA1-PA37&lpg=RA1-PA37&ots=bDMvqRxc43&dq=Two+stage+reciprocating+compressors&sig=1yiA3AFmvXJcbzf4SerffCcKuyk##http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/aircomp-guide2.pdf##http://www.titusco.com/downloads/MCS-GB-.pdf##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Quiz%20-%20Compressors%20and%20compressed%20air%20systems.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734330&id=eYJIv2wZtXEC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&vq=prevent+surge&dq=prevent+surging+centrifugal+compressors&sig=2dUpScv299PlBVzBSTkhg105qIY##http://www.ecompressedair.com/library/aircompressors_p02.shtml##$\]  U  p 3   ~ Usy$33.5z@@@`@@`@^@ j^RF:." 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LVAL 6 jh$Which of the following parameters are not required for evaluating volumetric efficiency of the compressor? a) Power b) Cylinder bore diameter c) Stroke length d) FADFrom base load operation and from achieving best specific energy consumption point of view, which of the following compressors are suitable? a) Single stage reciprocating compressors b) Centrifugal compressors c) Two stage reciprocating compressor d) Multi stage reciprocating compressorFrom the point of lower specific energy consumption, which of the following compressors are suitable for part load operation? a) Two stage reciprocating compressors b) Centrifugal compressors c) Two stage screw compressor d) Single stage screw compressorThe likely estimate on equivalent power wastage for a leakage from 7 bar compressed air system through 1.6 mm orifice size is ____ a) 0.2 kW b) 3.0 kW c) 0.8 kW d) 12 kWThe acceptable pressure drop at the farthest point in mains header of an industrial compressed air network is: a)0.3 bar b) 0.5 bar c) 1.0 bar d) 2 barReduction in the delivery pressure of a compressor by 1 bar would reduce the power consumption by a) 6 to 10 % b) 2 to 3 % c) 12 to 14 % d) None of the aboveIdentify the correct statement for air compressors. a. For every 5.5oC drop in the inlet air temperature, the increase in energy consumption is by 2%. b. For every 4 oC rise in the inlet air temperature, the decrease in energy consumption is by 1% c. For every 4 oC rise in the inter air temperature, the increase in energy consumption is by 1% d. The energy consumption remains same irrespective of inlet air temperatureWhich of the statement is  True for centrifugal compressors? a) The compressor should not be operated at full load b) The compressor should be operated at shut off pressure c) The compressor should not be operated with inlet-guide vane control d) The compressor should not be operated close to the surge pointLVAL$T  : , xp|8\|r#http://www.free-engineering.com/i7dryer.htm##http://www.maintenanceresources.com/ReferenceLibrary/AirCompressors/kaeserpage8.htm##http://www.iqsdirectory.com/industrial-dryers/##http://www.nuflotech.com/datasheets/NF00033_04.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0801982421&id=3MMldd1rwUIC&pg=RA1-PA1385&lpg=RA1-PA1385&ots=pv95ss9so7&dq=advantage+discharge+pressure++++minimum.&sig=LN3KmVUPkj_-HSDm_EayAdERYcY##http://www.dresser-rand.com/recip/eq/default.asp##http://www.offroaders.com/info/tech-corner/reading/cfm.htm##http://www.em-ea.org/gbook13.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824742907&id=_4AnZq47WjYC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&ots=XL47nZFkRQ&dq=intercoolers+reciprocating+compressors&sig=iKpa1ELL42i1omwqCidvR_ManAU#PPA4,M1##http://www.ecompressedair.com/library/compressedairsystems.shtml##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/solutia.pdf##http://www.pneumatic-source.com/compressed_air/index.php?p=23##http://www.hansontank.com/airreceivers.html##http://www.cccglobal.com/PDFFiles/PB301.pdf##http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4523896.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN8122414966&id=SPAo9at6v-QC&pg=RA1-PA793&lpg=RA1-PA793&ots=O-jSyQ7uaX&dq=rotary+compressor&sig=TUgxwlWv0OGVUF6L0ykgAdr1cRo##http://www.siemp.co.zw/Acrobat%20Files/module11.PDF##http://www.geocities.com/mojju/me797/Compressors101.swf##http://www.siemp.co.zw/Acrobat%20Files/module11.PDF##http://www.offroaders.com/info/tech-corner/reading/cfm.htm##http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4523896.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007061623X&id=3eH3QGgIc0AC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&ots=9DlcfPpTKF&dq=Two+stage+reciprocating+compressors&sig=z3BL1A2S8jjK-1hBtYP91ChPvSA#PPA95,M1##http://www.mahaurja.com/pdf/TipIS.pdf##http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/downloads/JBIS_v56_108-117.pdf#www.energyefficiencyasia.org#http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org##http://www.cccglobal.com/PDFFiles/PB301.pdf#LVAL.^ 4 ^ F j<^z#http://www.achrnews.com/CDA/Articles/Technical/4ba1b8960ac5a010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____##http://www.dresser-rand.com/e-tech/PDF%20Files/tp015.pdf##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_efficiency##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878148019&id=HM-OCpkKcikC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&vq=intercoolers&dq=need+intercoolers+compressors&sig=FUcO7DqialwhoYLbY1f8CVMM89M##http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p012390.hcsp##http://www.bpa.gov/Energy/N/projects/industrial/compressed_air/doc/CA_2006-3_TipSheetCAEfficiencyMeasures.doc##http://www.amei.com.au/downloads/acaca_protocol.pdf##http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4229146.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734330&id=eYJIv2wZtXEC&pg=PA269&lpg=PA269&vq=prevent+surge&dq=prevent+surging+centrifugal+compressors&sig=YIP8fT5gH1r1keBvS8YiJxSFzbw##http://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/200/FPE/Pneumatics/Article/True/6454/Pneumatics##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0768910196&id=Pr0lKluK4qwC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&ots=iXbxRX2DgF&dq=rotary+compressor&sig=mq5xw74Q8OykXLEBIkoV0YDdRy8##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Ene2.pdf##http://www.maintenanceresources.com/ReferenceLibrary/AirCompressors/kaeserpage1.htm##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Ene2.pdf##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_efficiency##http://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/200/FPE/Pneumatics/Article/True/6454/Pneumatics##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0971176760&id=OfgYc468sF4C&pg=RA2-PA22&lpg=RA2-PA22&ots=ksFwCINMvj&dq=Two+stage+reciprocating+compressors&sig=WesGO65Q7ueLrP8TT7RmtuSSXYE#PRA2-PA23,M1##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Compressors%20and%20Compressed%20Air%20Systems.pdf##http://www.kaeser.com/Images/SGT-5-06-tcm8-70500.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734330&id=eYJIv2wZtXEC&pg=PA269&lpg=PA269&vq=prevent+surge&dq=prevent+surging+centrifugal+compressors&sig=YIP8fT5gH1r1keBvS8YiJxSFzbw#fLVAL l 8 , 0  4F|XPl#http://www.aircompressor.org/html/otherresources.html##http://www.air-compressor.com/rotary.htm##http://www.gardnerdenver.com/GDCorpPortal/RouteRequest?route=to&id=1129##http://www.airometrix.com/HowToTest.asp##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/documents/Manual_Compressors.pdf##http://www.aircompressor.org/html/technology/air_compressors.html##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Rec11.pdf##http://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/200/IndZone/FoodProcessing/Article/False/13041/IndZone-FoodProcessing##http://www.bpa.gov/Energy/N/projects/industrial/compressed_air/doc/CA_2006-3_TipSheetCAEfficiencyMeasures.doc##http://www.siadmi.com/public/pdf/047UK1002.pdf##http://www.plastomatic.com/pressure-regulators.html##http://www.irc.wisc.edu/ASHRAE-TC101/programs/Winter%202001%20Wehber.pdf##http://www.mntap.umn.edu/energy/compair.htm##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Compressors%20and%20Compressed%20Air%20Systems.pdf##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compressed-air-receivers-d_846.html##http://process-equipment.globalspec.com/Industrial-Directory/vibration_damper##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor##http://www.arti-21cr.org/research/completed/exec-summaries/10010-es.pdf##http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7153109.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/compressed_air_sourcebook.pdf##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-compressor-types-d_441.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/compressed_air_sourcebook.pdf##http://www.arti-21cr.org/research/completed/exec-summaries/10010-es.pdf##http://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/200/FPE/Pneumatics/Article/True/6453/Pneumatics##http://www.energyinst.org.uk/content/files/10com.pdf##http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/downloads/JBIS_v56_108-117.pdf##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor#LVAL NBX P#http://www.energymanagertraining.com/textiles/pdf/Assessment%20of%20Compressed%20Air%20Requirement%20for%20Spinning-3.pdf##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Sel10.pdf##http://turbolab.tamu.edu/pubs/Turbo35/T35pg113.pdf##http://www.airometrix.com/HowToTest.asp##http://ip212-226-138-244.adsl.kpnqwest.fi/hantekno/Hantekno_tiedostot/US%20surveyguide.pdf##http://www.xpedio.carrier.com/idc/groups/public/documents/marketing/wp_varspeedscrewcomp.pdf?SMSESSION=NO##http://www.saharahenderson.com/whatis.htm##http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2006/182.html##http://www.cashflo.co.uk/Desiccant-dryer.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/dal_tile.pdf##http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-3/Chapter%203.3%20Compressed%20Air%20System.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878148019&id=HM-OCpkKcikC&pg=PA235&lpg=PA235&ots=NQBnLNbVmy&dq=surge+limit+centrifugal+compressors&sig=crkyA68DL3UwzuhB3ZBDdkh1cy8##http://www.mae.ncsu.edu/courses/mae406/eckerlin/motors%20and%20compressed%20air%20presentation.ppt#279,24,Centrifugal Compressor Advantages / Disadvantages##http://www.mae.ncsu.edu/courses/mae406/eckerlin/motors%20and%20compressed%20air%20presentation.ppt#279,24,Centrifugal Compressor Advantages / Disadvantages##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Compressors%20and%20Compressed%20Air%20Systems.pdf##http://www.daveycompressor.com/differenttype.html##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Compressors%20and%20Compressed%20Air%20Systems.pdf##http://www.mae.ncsu.edu/courses/mae406/eckerlin/motors%20and%20compressed%20air%20presentation.ppt#279,24,Centrifugal Compressor Advantages / Disadvantages##http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/operations_maintenance/technologies/ac/types.cfm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878148019&id=HM-OCpkKcikC&pg=PA235&lpg=PA235&ots=NQBnLNbVmy&dq=surge+limit+centrifugal+compressors&sig=crkyA68DL3UwzuhB3ZBDdkh1cy8#LVAL* 8 , & h>||DIn an automobile industry one compressor of rated capacity of 1000 cfm is operated to evaluate leakage quantity in the plant during a holiday when no equipment was using compressed air. FAD test was also carried out before conducting leakage test and found that the compressor is delivering out put of 90% of rated capacity.Explain the simple steps that can be followed in shop  floor for quantification of compressed air leakages.What are the methods of capacity control in centrifugal air compressors?What is the effect of increase in altitude on the performance of single stage reciprocating compressors?Which type of energy efficient dryer can be opted if a user in a plant requires compressed air at atmosphere dew point of -40C?Can you explain how temperature of inlet air affects the energy consumption of an air compressor?What are the most common types of compressed air dryers used?What are the different types of pressure regulators available for air compressor system?List the advantages of keeping the discharge pressure for reciprocating compressors at minimum.List the means of capacity control for reciprocating compressors.Give the empirical relation to evaluate the volumetric efficiency.What are the likely effects of using very cold water in intercoolers for reciprocating compressors?Why inter-coolers are required for multi-stage reciprocating compressors?List the components of a compressed air system.Explain about the importance of optimal Pressure settings of a compressed air networkCalculate the free air delivery (FAD) of a compressor for the following observed data:What is the function of an air receiver?What is a surge point and how do you prevent surging, in centrifugal compressors?What are the limitations of a centrifugal compressor operation?Briefly describe about  rotary compressor ?If the compressor of 200 m3/min loads in 10 seconds and unloads in 20 seconds, calculate the amount of air leakages in the systemDLVALH H^Use of very cold water can result in condensation which may result in water entering the cylinder, thereby reducing valve life, accelerating wear and scoring of piston, piston rings and cylinder. The condensed water may also wash away the oil film on the cylinder and cause rust which will result in abrasion during compressor operation and significantly reduce efficiency.The intercoolers reduce the temperature of air/gas discharged between stages. Ideally, the intake temperature at each stage should be the same as that at the first stage (referred to a perfect cooling), so that the volume of air to be compressed does not increase and hence reduced power consumption.The various components of a compressed air system are: " Intake air filters " Inter-stage coolers " After coolers " Air-dryers " Moisture traps " ReceiversThe power consumed by a compressor depends on its operating pressure and rated capacity. They should not be operated above their optimum operating pressure as this not only wastes energy, but also leads to excessive wear, leading to further energy wastage. The volumetric efficiency is also less at higher delivery pressure. The possibility of down setting the delivery pressure should be explored by careful study of pressure requirements of various equipment and pressure drop between generation point and utilization point. The pressure switches must be adjusted such that the compressor cut-in and cuts-off at optimum levels.The main purpose of a receiver is to act as a pulsation damper, allowing intermittent high demands for compressed air to be met from a small compressor set, resulting in lesser energy consumption.Surge point is the point on the performance curve where a further decrease inflow (typically in the region of 50-70 % of rated capacity) causes instability, resulting in a pulsating flow, which may lead to overheating, failure of bearings due to thrust reversals, or excessive vibration. Bypass valves advents are commonly used to prevent surging.LVAL$ * > H x$H#http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/ch_cs_3m_pwa.pdf##http://www.engr.udayton.edu/udiac/Documents/Publications/AirSim_ACEEE2005.pdf#http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Sel10.pdf#http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Sel10.pdf##http://www.impactrm.com/html/audits.html##http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_modules/Compressors%20and%20Compressed%20Air%20Systems.pdf##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-compressor-types-d_441.html##http://greenbusinesscentre.com/images/Photos/Rec11.pdf##http://www.sullairhouston.com/pdf/Regenerative%20Desiccant%20Dryers.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0895861356&id=pewyJ3_F4XMC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&ots=RkY13slcoW&dq=1+temperature+of+inlet+air+compressor&sig=_to7kdrP21Wmb0A6gfsR0mm2Zzg##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/compressed_air12.pdf##http://fluid-power.globalspec.com/LearnMore/Fluid_Power_Components/Pneumatic_Equipment_Components/Air_Pressure_Regulators##http://turbolab.tamu.edu/pubs/Turbo35/T35pg113.pdf##http://www.machineprotection.com/applications/recip.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471495735&id=EsfcWE5lX40C&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&ots=7UWo4MAsvw&dq=effect+cold+water+reciprocating+compressors&sig=MNo058KMUO-jiczbDO059E6h33s#LVAL2 L R $Pclick the view ans button and see long answer Q No.5click the view ans button and see long answer Q No.4click the view ans button and see long answer Q No.3click the view ans button and see long answer Q No. 2click the view ans button and see long answer Q No. 1Centrifugal compressors operate best at the design point. They are prone to surging at flow rates less than 50% of the rated capacity. The following types of controls are employed in centrifugal compressors. a) Modulating controls: Modulating (throttling) inlet controls allows the output of a compressor to be varied to meet flow requirements. Throttling is usually accomplished by closing down inlet vane, thereby restricting inlet air to the compressors. The amount of capacity reduction is limited by the potential for surge and minimum throttling capacity. b) Variable speed drives: Efficient way of compressor capacity control is application of variable speed drives to match compressor output to meet varying load requirements is by speed controlWith the increase in altitude, there will be reduction in air pressure, which results in increase in compression ratio, leading to higher discharge temperature and reduced efficiency.Desiccant regenerative type dryer can be opted if a user in a plant requires compressed air at atmosphere dew point of -40C.As a thumb rule  for every 4 C rise in inlet air temperature results in a higher energy consumption by 1% to achieve equivalent output . Hence cool air intake leads to a more efficient compression.a. Heat  less dryer (absorption) b. Adsorption dryer c. Chiller dryer (refrigerated dryers)1. Pilot operated type 2. Direct acting type 3. Self  relieving type-Lower power consumption -Less load on the piston rods and hence reduced maintenance costs -Lower leakage losses-On/off control -Load and unload control -Multi-step controlclick the view ans button and see short answer Q No. 32LVAL n 0 J D  #http://www.mntap.umn.edu/energy/82-CompAir.htm##http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2006/196.html##http://www.reliabilitydirect.com/appnotes/recipapp.html##http://www.impactrm.com/html/lp.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/compressed_air_sourcebook.pdf##http://www.fluidenergy.com/compressor.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0884155250&id=VreR8GlfCCIC&pg=RA1-PA26&lpg=RA1-PA26&ots=bDMvoUsg92&dq=single+stage+reciprocating+compressor+altitude&sig=geZWaSOu7N2iRlVOtTwI6XupRe8##http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2006/094.html##http://www.ramgen.com/compressor_productpositioning.htm##http://a1989.g.akamai.net/f/1989/7101/1d/www.festo.com/INetDomino/files/sample_compressed_air_en.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878143432&id=FnDp8V9TX9oC&pg=RA1-PA235&lpg=RA1-PA235&ots=TbnYbyiY0l&dq=discharge+pressure++reciprocating+compressors++minimum.&sig=GhmjY0cYKE9wln_K1UHMeEvLPls#( }} w q J -33.6@j@ @ ~@`@ n@@j^RF:." U,33.5@j@ @ j@j@ T@p@j^RF:." U+33.6@j@ @ n@r@@h@j^RF:." U*33.6@l@ T@ d@L@R@R@j^RF:." U)33.7@l@ @ "@@@@j^RF:." U(33.5@@@j@X@@@j^RF:." U'33.5@n@p@d@|@p@^^RF:." U&33.5@@@Z@j@@V@ j^RF:." U%33.7@@Z@@r@@j@ j^RF:." U: LVAL2 > V #http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-4/4.8.Compressors.pdf##http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2006/196.html##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor##http://members.rediff.com/seetech/COMPRESSOR.htm##http://www.sustainable-energy.vic.gov.au/manufacturing/sustainable_manufacturing/resource.asp?action=show_resource&resourcetype=2&resourceid=27##http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2005/257.html##http://www.jennyproductsinc.com/howtochoose.html# LVALr Explain the simple method of capacity assessment of air compressorsExplain about the air compressor modulation by optimal pressure settings.In a chemical industry reciprocating compressor of two stages was tested for free air delivery. The test details are as follow <<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <!<"<#<<<<<<<<<  @ @ @ @ @       !"# r LVAL MR2>ANSI Query Mode(Themed Form ControlsAccessVersion BuildProjVerAppTitleStartUpForm&StartUpShowDBWindow(StartUpShowStatusBarStartUpMenuBar$AllowShortcutMenusAllowFullMenus(AllowBuiltInToolbars&AllowToolbarChanges AllowSpecialKeysAppIcon,StartupShortcutMenuBar&UseAppIconForFrmRptAuto Compact"Show Values Limit,Show Values in Indexed4Show Values in Non-Indexed*Show Values in Remote.Show Values in Snapshot*Show Values in Server.Use Default Page Folder&Default Page Folder6Use Default Connection File.Default Connection FileRow Limit<    08.50 6 #  Book 3 Form.Main                      ' QY.N .. Y dY  Y dY Y Y  Y  Y  Y Y   Y  Y   Y  Y   Y Y  Y Y  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5YYBook NoChapter No    v1b N  : k & @ @@ ! H <LVAL 8  "L`Typical range of COP value for a compression refrigeration cycle is: a) 1 to 10 b) 1 to 20 c) 2 to 5 d) 2 to 20Higher COP can be achieved with_____. a)Lower evaporator temperature and higher condenser temperature b)Higher evaporator temperature and Lower condenser temperature c)Higher evaporator temperature and higher condenser temperature d)Lower evaporator temperature and Lower condenser temperatureIn general, designed chilled water temperature drop across the chillers is____ C. a) 5 C b) 1 C c) 10 C d) 15 CCentrifugal compressors are most efficient when they are operating at_____. a) 50% load b) Full load c) 75% Load d) All load conditionsIn water cooled refrigeration systems, condenser cooling water temperature should be close to: a) dry bulb temperature b) wet bulb temperature c) dew-point temperature d) any of the aboveThe essential parameters to estimate cooling load from air side across air handling unit (AHU) / Fan Coil Unit (FCU) are_______. a) Flow rate b) dry bulb temperature c) RH% or wet bulb temperature d) allMatch the following in respect of typical specific energy consumption (kW per TR) of refrigeration compressors. Refrigeration Compressor kW/TR a) Reciprocating i) 0.63 kW/TR b) Centrifugal ii) 0.65 kW/TR c) Screw iii) 0.7  0.9 kW/TRCOP of absorption refrigeration systems a) Between 4-5 b) less than 1.1 c) above 1.1 d) always 2.5The main disadvantage of use of HFCs and HCFCs compared to use of CFCs is_____ a) Low Efficiency b) High heat output c) High emissions d) AllThe driving force for refrigeration in vapour absorption refrigeration plants is____ a) Mechanical energy b) Thermal energy c) Electrical energy d) AllOne ton of refrigeration (TR) is equal to ____. a) 3024 Kcal/h b) 3.51 kW c) 120oo BTU/h d) allLVALH p  l0#http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-4/4.9.hvac%20systems.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471573787&id=_0W1ajF_Bd0C&pg=RA2-PA159&lpg=RA2-PA159&ots=T7odvmSLV8&dq=vapour+compression+refrigeration+cycle&sig=Mc1_ElLE3Dax7CpQ5aZeQmReai8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1860584179&id=VG6r7IYCCwwC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=yaYjsjKl9A&dq=scroll+compressor&sig=evqdxPOAa3OCdsGmYkNwhPlniBU#PRA1-PA3,M1##http://www.energy.wsu.edu/documents/engineering/chillers_hvac.pdf##http://www.essproducts.com/cascade_condensing_units.htm##http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1Y-497R81X-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=eaa740d44190c4de52c78f9fdc85896f##http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1Y-497R81X-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=eaa740d44190c4de52c78f9fdc85896f##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849325145&id=QD74sZoM_4sC&pg=RA1-PA526&lpg=RA1-PA526&ots=V4osW1SJ4k&dq=chilled+water+temperature+drop+5&sig=lzNS1Mot9NKkfNVMsEeWPLtz8Ac##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007061623X&id=3eH3QGgIc0AC&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&ots=9Dm4dSqVJK&dq=wet+bulb+temperature+water+cooled+refrigeration+systems&sig=xTcPY4jcXos7FAqUtLOuOYGkO3I##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/dry-wet-bulb-dew-point-air-d_682.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1402012748&id=nDqWzzYh3IwC&pg=RA2-PA14&lpg=RA2-PA14&ots=d2RJsWNxif&dq=COP+of+absorption+refrigeration+systems&sig=OiczlfeR6BxnRQuswdCOetjgsIY##http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file29101.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA268&lpg=RA2-PA268&ots=NGSvEAfxPm&dq=vapour+absorption+refrigeration&sig=N1e098Q1MiJOLgbk0CvNwyW10hE##http://ogeneralindia.com/scienceofac.html#LVAL|:` > v  V TXNRx#http://www.aboutammoniarefrigeration.com/aaranswers_history.cfm##http://www.dlr.de/tt/institut/abteilungen/system/publications/roadshow-s.PDF##http://ezinearticles.com/?Refrigeration-Compressors&id=269056##http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/PSYCHART.HTM##http://gundog.lbl.gov/dirpubs/SB04/sb03.pdf##http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/cleantech/refrigeration.htm##http://www.tjsnow.com/supplies/chiller.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471532800&id=guzOLFhjPygC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&ots=ojQZa5IxFg&dq=selection+HVAC&sig=VPJm_p8HufpjnrQGl8LCJ4kZBBM##http://www.aboutammoniarefrigeration.com/aaranswers_history.cfm##http://rclsgi.eng.ohio-state.edu/~christ-r/ceat/theory/theory.html##http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH398/RefrigerationLabSLDS.pdf##http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH398/RefrigerationLabSLDS.pdf##http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/Documents/Scroll%20Compressors.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849395844&id=HU16xfASjeIC&pg=RA112-PA2&lpg=RA112-PA2&ots=FLCs3G-Gog&dq=efficiency+centrifugal+screw++compressor&sig=QEffcGRqCVztlfFgsdQCnAitwU0##http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/engineering/issues/muh-05-29-5/muh-29-5-3-0407-17.pdf##http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/cleantech/refrigeration.htm##http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/cleantech/refrigeration.htm##http://tristate.apogee.net/cool/cxcc.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA134&lpg=RA2-PA134&ots=NGSvEzouIs&dq=wet+bulb+temperature+water+cooled+refrigeration+systems&sig=Lxb58vBBD5w5SFnrmG5sPjEV07U##http://www.wisc.edu/foodsafety/meatresearch/assets/SlideRuleMethod.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849389283&id=TdiquyOAWlEC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&ots=LAvm5v82UA&dq=COP+of+absorption+refrigeration+systems&sig=5mHshR6l2Uvyi0iUS3DvUoYZ610##http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/cfc_halons_dspslstrtgy_e.pdf##http://www.nh3tech.org/abs.html##http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-4/4.9.hvac%20systems.pdf#LVALJ v  J > b T$6F#http://uschpa.admgt.com/TB_TAchillers.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007061623X&id=3eH3QGgIc0AC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&ots=9DldhRnQJI&dq=types+of+compressors&sig=4WqJJO9_H6JOXV75n1iFOF44zhA#PPA94,M1##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrometrics##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiller##http://web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Refrigeration%20Cycles.pdf##http://www.mt-online.com/articles/0505chillers.cfm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734896&id=N23gDS3wrDUC&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&ots=bs4sWHjqKg&dq=selection+HVAC&sig=bSUNwCu5xF_CR51II8epWvYNUEA##http://process-equipment.globalspec.com/Industrial-Directory/ammonia_refrigeration_system##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressor##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA125&lpg=RA2-PA125&dq=efficiency+centrifugal+screw++compressor&sig=GAiIi-kmr_kPkjvPFuaoJVMdbPo##http://web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Refrigeration%20Cycles.pdf##http://web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Refrigeration%20Cycles.pdf##http://web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Refrigeration%20Cycles.pdf##http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/centrf.html##http://www.p2pays.org/ref/12/11341.pdf##http://www.chemicalogic.com/moistairtab/functions.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA268&lpg=RA2-PA268&ots=NGSvEAfuMo&dq=COP+of+absorption+refrigeration+systems&sig=uFmc_tR-FCONST1oJtsVOFjOtOg##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070131597&id=OHDtoBYQC0kC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&ots=q8cGjjGgjx&dq=CFCs+refrigeration+phased+out&sig=9FQISeAbUZbzZSLBlqoXXCAVGXQ#PPA169,M1##http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull19-1/art62.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0419176802&id=Q2ImofDOweUC&pg=PA314&lpg=PA314&ots=Iz3pStxWNe&dq=One+ton+of+refrigeration+(TR)&sig=pSN96dWLKTav-8Vbb6oeZ6qMc_s# _? O 4 ; m : gH\ntJP 34.4@@P@@ ~@J@@ j^RF:." U34.6@@@d@f@Z@@ j^RF:." U34.6@"@@@Z@L@^^RF:." W34.6@@......" 34.6 Define COP?B@d@@t@@kk_SG;/ 34.6p@@h@r@FFFF:." 34.6@R@@N@X@h@^^RF:." u34.4@ @@0@0@0@L@ j^RF:." U34.1@ @t@B@@@@ j^RF:." U34.2@ :@L@@@RRRF:." 34.6N@ @V@@FFFF:." 34.4^@ b) lowerp@ p@~@ |@ @th\PD8" U34.2&@b) condenserp@ p@ ~@ |@ @xl`TH<" U34.4@ c) scrollF@ F@ @ `@ F@ui]QE9" U34.4@ a) higher@ @ t@ V@ R@ui]QE9" U34.72@c) -46oC to -1010C`@ r@ @ @ L@~rfZNB" u34.7X@b) 3%555555" 34.7$@d) 0.5 sqm/TR and aboveGGGGGG" 34.7>@b) 3%555555"  34.2@a) 0.65  0.8 kW / TRIIIIII"  34.4@ c) 2 to 5d@@ t@@jj^RF:"  34.4N@b) 1 to 1.5 TR>>>>>>"  34.6R@ ~@d@@t@@^^RF:."  34.7@ a) 5 CL@d@OOOOC7" 34.4@b) Full loadN@j@T@n@L@xl`TH<" U34.6~@b) wet bulb temperatureh@@@P@~@wk_SG" U34.6@d) allj@@@n@ffZNB6" U34.4F@a-iii; b-i; c-iiBBBBBB" 34.2@b) less than 1.1h@n@b@r@@|pdXL@" U34.2"@a) Low Efficiency@V@x@b@qqeYMA" u34.26@b) Thermal energyb@b@B@h@X@}qeYMA" U34.6@d) all"#http://www.nh3tech.org/q2.html#V@@N@|pd6" ULVAL > < t>v#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-absorption_refrigerator##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiller##http://ogeneralindia.com/scienceofac.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750650745&id=L7ZuqC16UtsC&pg=RA1-PA241&lpg=RA1-PA241&ots=ezKL_Iek3d&dq=vapour+compression+refrigeration+cycle&sig=29hx08l68YSiRZwioOiFdjYuHD8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750650745&id=L7ZuqC16UtsC&pg=RA1-PA241&lpg=RA1-PA241&ots=ezKL_Iek3d&dq=vapour+compression+refrigeration+cycle&sig=29hx08l68YSiRZwioOiFdjYuHD8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070260052&id=eAnPjbScqFgC&pg=RA181-PA1&lpg=RA181-PA1&ots=mK6DqQ3Ah9&dq=scroll+compressor&sig=YfdTo7kirbH6IMow8ip2VO7n-N8##http://www.xpedio.carrier.com/idc/groups/public/documents/marketing/wp_varspeedscrewcomp.pdf?SMSESSION=NO##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA157&lpg=RA2-PA157&ots=NGSvEznoPj&dq=Cascade+systems++refrigeration&sig=wiCFRAHssNpeOHRU3O2Nd7lm9rw##http://www.airah.org.au/downloads/2002-08-02.pdf##http://www.airah.org.au/downloads/2002-08-02.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849398738&id=6pL7Wc9xl-EC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&ots=M6X8-LNwsY&dq=chilled+water+temperature+drop&sig=SVCm_gXgoJtmSPpEOVi5hNVEDgA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070260052&id=eAnPjbScqFgC&pg=RA62-PA1&lpg=RA62-PA1&ots=mK6DqQ5Akf&dq=centrifugal+compressors&sig=ZlWBzDPPoB1pkeGHgcE1lYcLcaU##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA131&lpg=RA2-PA131&ots=NGSvEzosKq&dq=water+cooled+refrigeration+systems&sig=-ezL4jr_pfKnH2lStiDjfR1ipJw##http://www.faqs.org/faqs/meteorology/temp-dewpoint/##http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull19-1/art62.htm##http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3301/is_n8_v92/ai_11244756##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750650745&id=L7ZuqC16UtsC&pg=RA2-PA399&lpg=RA2-PA399&ots=ezKL_J8q9c&dq=vapour+absorption+refrigeration&sig=FAO3_Mau3QZBo2PX9ptRmQOIT0E#jLVAL  @ \HfNR#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070131597&id=OHDtoBYQC0kC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&ots=q8cGjjGgjx&dq=CFCs+refrigeration+phased+out&sig=9FQISeAbUZbzZSLBlqoXXCAVGXQ#PPA169,M1##http://ogeneralindia.com/scienceofac.html##http://www.che.cemr.wvu.edu/publications/projects/multiscale/icecream.pdf##http://www.mhi.co.jp/aircon/chiller/abso/main.htm##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-compressor-types-d_441.html##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/psychrometric-chart-mollier-d_27.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007044451X&id=LqGx00U8nsUC&pg=RA2-SA13-PA1&lpg=RA2-SA13-PA1&ots=TL1Kgy1vN5&dq=selection+HVAC&sig=nZsCxf9-Hed2_N4LxS3Hpc9fiM8##http://www.che.cemr.wvu.edu/publications/projects/multiscale/icecream.pdf##http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/courses/me354/lectures/pdffiles/c6.pdf##http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/courses/me354/lectures/pdffiles/c6.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750650745&id=L7ZuqC16UtsC&pg=RA2-PA352&lpg=RA2-PA352&ots=ezKL_Ifi3b&dq=scroll+compressor&sig=ELwmoBCWZ4dcU43GsUltTURxrPc##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0881734551&id=l7yjOixlVaYC&pg=RA2-PA38&lpg=RA2-PA38&dq=efficiency+centrifugal+screw++compressor&sig=3R4l8ykdPVsq0btqg0Dlsy8qa7w##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070131597&id=OHDtoBYQC0kC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&ots=q8dxfkM7pw&dq=Cascade+systems++refrigeration&sig=Yjg71G6GvZfcL4FeuMZlVu7ihsY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878148019&id=HM-OCpkKcikC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=NQCfKMkNjB&dq=centrifugal+compressors&sig=MtGoR3tUpjXPIluLAjWDzMDHKFk#PPA69,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766819590&id=c9Bnjzipj9sC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&ots=wZUQwxbqei&dq=wet+bulb+temperature+water+cooled+refrigeration+systems&sig=LRq5SOe-4puRFH1zsSpgBE0ii1Y##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471623512&id=g4E0Op3w87YC&pg=RA2-PA186&lpg=RA2-PA186&ots=NGSvEAfuIp&dq=COP+of+absorption+refrigeration+systems+range+1&sig=nrLhllrAdgCOtmwSiQO_7KDNvpw#PRA2-PA187,M1##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration#LVAL  z  (click the view answer button and see long ans Q No.2click the view answer button and see long ans Q No.1Evaporator temperature (T1) = -15 C Condenser temperature (T2) = 30 C CoP of ideal cycle = T1/(T2-T1) = = 5.7COP is nothing but Coefficient of performance which is a standard measure of refrigeration efficiency of an ideal refrigeration system depends on two key system temperatures, namely, evaporator temperature Te and condenser temperature Tc with COP being given as ; COP = Te / Tc - Te KW/TR is the specific power consumption which is a useful indicator of the performance of refrigeration system. By measuring refrigeration duty performed in TR and the Kilo Watt inputs measured, kW/TR is used as a reference energy performance indicator.The refrigeration TR is assessed as TR = Q Cp (Ti  To) / 3024 Where Q is mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr Cp is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg C Ti is inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C To is outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0CThe choice of refrigerant and the required cooling temperature and load determine the choice of compressor, as well as the design of the condenser, evaporator, and other auxiliaries. Additional factors such as ease of maintenance, physical space requirements and availability of utilities for auxiliaries (water, power, etc.) also influence component selection. Brine plants are used for typically sub zero temperature applications.Commonly used refrigerants for vapour compression chillers are chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs, also called Freons): R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22, R-134 and R-502.A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat to be removed in order to form one ton of ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of water is 0 C. This is equivalent to 50.4 Kcal/min or 3024 Kcal/h in metric system.b)Higher evaporator temperature and Lower condenser temperaturepLVAL ( `LWrite down basic formula for estimating the tonnage of a chiller? (Or refrigeration TR).List the main parameters on which the choice of HVAC components depends on.In which range of temperature the application of  brine plants are made use of?What are the commonly used refrigerants for vapour compression chillers?Define one  Ton of Refrigeration (TR) .The refrigerant temperature after the expansion device compared to after condenser in the vapour compression refrigeration cycle is____ a) higher b) lower c) Same d) NoneThe device used to cool the refrigerant in vapour absorption chiller is: a) vacuum pump b) condenser c) vacuum condenser d) none of the aboveWhich of the following compressor has recently become practical in the market? a) reciprocating b) screw c) scroll d) all the aboveThe efficiency of screw compressor at part load compared to centrifugal compressor is __. a) higher b) lower c) Same d) NoneCascade systems for refrigeration are preferable in the temperature range of _______. a) 5oC to 100C b) -5oC to -100C c) -46oC to -1010C d) 0oC to 100CThe percentage refrigeration compressor power reduction with 0.55 deg. C temperature reduction in water returning from cooling tower is ________. a) 2% b) 3% c) 1% d) 4%The refrigerant side heat transfer area in evaporators is of the order of ____. a) 0.1 sqm/TR b) 0.3 sqm/TR c) 0.4 sqm/TR d) 0.5 sqm/TR and aboveApproximate percentage reduction in power consumption with 1 C rise in evaporator temperature in refrigerating systems is _______. a) 2% b) 3% c) 1% d) 4%The specific energy for a centrifugal chiller producing chilled water at 5.5 C and condenser water temperature around 30 C is the order of: a) 0.65  0.8 kW / TR b) 1.0 kW / TR c) 1.15  1.25 kW/ TR d) 0.45  0.55 kW/ TRThe required A/C size for comfort conditions for general living room (12 ft x 12 ft) at residence is_____. a) < 0.5 TR b) 1 to 1.5 TR c) > 2.5 TR d) any of the above$LVAL B HrZ#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0419209808&id=WfuDjUciSmIC&pg=RA3-PA67&lpg=RA3-PA67&ots=sZIA9xrpDJ&dq=capacity+controlled++refrigeration+machines&sig=q46cUy8PjtlGdW4wXvjsIqI3XPo##http://www.mcquay.com/mcquaybiz/literature/lit_corporate/AppGuide/AG_31_002.pdf##http://www.uppco.com/business/eba_28.asp##http://www.countryenergy.com.au/internet/cewebpub.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/flib-energyeff/$file/es_cooling.pdf##http://www.ers.ebara.com/en/product/tantai/4.html##http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3301/is_n8_v92/ai_11244756##http://www.achrnews.com/CDA/Articles/Technical/efc4fec3c7c5a010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____##http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-4/4.9.hvac%20systems.pdf##http://www.nh3tech.org/abs.html##http://www.mcquay.com/mcquaybiz/literature/lit_corporate/AppGuide/AG_31_002.pdf##http://process-equipment.globalspec.com/LearnMore/Processing_Equipment/Gas_Handling_Equipment/Refrigerant_HVAC_Compressors##http://www.arch.hku.hk/~cmhui/teach/65156-7e.htm##http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1Y-4D4D1BG-2&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=237be557c1b7b6ee82300e8d47787c01##http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1Y-497R81X-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=eaa740d44190c4de52c78f9fdc85896f##http://www.hal-india.com/for%20website/SPEC_42149_6.doc##http://www.waterchillers.com/gsf.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&ots=qNU9TUIuJ-&dq=selection+HVAC&sig=9LwYS9ElTLKZDfsGWq-ez9UBdRk##http://www.nh3tech.org/abs.html##http://www.greenseal.org/certification/standards/electricchillers.cfm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471573787&id=_0W1ajF_Bd0C&pg=RA2-PA159&lpg=RA2-PA159&ots=T7odvmSLV8&dq=vapour+compression+refrigeration+cycle&sig=Mc1_ElLE3Dax7CpQ5aZeQmReai8#0LVALtZ v $ Z  . T \d#http://www.cda.org.uk/Megab2/costeff/tn14/sec1.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Pr0lKluK4qwC&dq=capacity+controlled++refrigeration+machines&pg=PA58&ots=iXbyUU6ChE&sig=E6W4U2VCXHeZvizNUmMaThmQGZM&prev=http://www.google.co.in/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dcapacity%2Bcontrolled%2B%2Brefrigeration%2Bmachines%26btnG%3DGoogle%2BSearch%26meta%3D&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result&cd=1#PPA58,M1##http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/projects/industrial/pdf/audit_guide.pdf##http://www.mge.com/business/saving/madison/PA_14.html##http://www.tefma.com/infoservices/papers/1999/beagley.pdf##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_cooling##http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/chillers.htm##http://www.aceheatinginc.com/webapp/GetPage?pid=56##http://tristate.apogee.net/geo/gdfrref.asp##http://ogeneralindia.com/scienceofac.html##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-absorption_refrigerator##http://www.mge.com/business/saving/madison/PA_14.html##http://www.cop.com/SEUhtmDOCS/3SE6.htm##http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~mdarre/NE-127/NewFiles/psychrometric_inset.html##http://www.energy.rochester.edu/efficiency/chilleranalysis.pdf##http://www.airah.org.au/downloads/2002-08-02.pdf##http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep228/rep228.htm##http://www.achrnews.com/CDA/Articles/Technical/f70dd0249d16a010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____##http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_10_19/ai_92912406#tLVAL|  * `  XrCompare the performance of centrifugal chiller with vapour absorption chiller using the data given belowEstimate tonne of refrigeration from the data given below for two AHUs?Write short note on  chilled water storage .List three important characteristics of  evaporative cooling systems .Under what conditions  screw chillers perform better when compared to other type of  chillers ?Why CFC s are phased out? Which are the alternatives to CFC s?What is the function of a condenser in a refrigeration cycle?A reciprocating refrigeration compressor of 100 TR is working at full load with 4.5 C temperature difference across the evaporator. i) Estimate the water flow rate if water is secondary coolant, ii) Assess the connected motor size (kW) to this refrigeration compressorHow do you calculate TR across the Air Handling Units? Refrigeration load in TR is assessed as ; Where Q is the air flow in CMH r is density of air kg/m3 h in is enthalpy of inlet air kCal/kg h out is enthalpy of outlet air kCal/kgWhich refrigerants based on their absorption system are used for sub-zero temperature applications?List out any two types of vapour absorption chillers based on the refrigerant- absorbent combination.List the types of refrigeration compressors used in industries. Select the lowest specific power consumption (kW/TR) refrigeration system for Air-conditioning and compare with other options (w.r.t power consumption) for 350 TR cooling loadName the parameters that a psychometric chart provide for an air conditioning engineer?What are the parameters required to be measured while estimating the chiller performance in KW/TR?Ice is formed at 0C from water at 30 C. In the refrigeration system, same temperature water is used for condenser cooling and the temperature of the brine is- 15C at evaporator. Consider the system as ideal refrigeration; find the CoP of the refrigeration system.What do you mean by kW / TR pertaining to refrigeration?LVAL  > 8click the view answer button and see long ans Q No.4click the view answer button and see long ans Q No.3The function of a condenser is to receive superheated refrigerant vapour from the compressor, remove the superheat and then liquefy the refrigerant with the rejection of latent heat.Capacity of reciprocating compressor = 100 TR Working fluid = Water (sp. Heat of water 1.0 Kcal/kg C) Chilled temperature across evaporator = 4.5 C i) Chilled water flow rate Q (kg/h) = = 67200 kg/hr ii) Specific power consumption of reciprocating compressor = 0.7-0.9 kW/TR For connected motor assessment consider higher specific power consumption Required motor power = 100 x 0.9 = 90 kW So, connected motor may be 90 kW (or) next higher size  110 kWAmmonia refrigerant based absorption systems operate at above atmospheric pressures and are capable of low temperature operation (below 0 C)List out any two types of vapour absorption chillers based on the refrigerant- absorbent combination. Lithium bromide- water (LiBr- H2O) cycle Ammonia- Water (NH3-H2O) cycleMajor refrigeration compressor types for industrial application are: a) Reciprocating b) Centrifugal c) Screw Lowest specific power consumption (kW/TR) can be achieved from centrifugal compressors for 350 TR air conditioning load comparison among the compressors for specific power (kW/TR) Reciprocating Centrifugal Screw Sp. Power (kW/TR) 0.7-0.9 0.63 0.65 Air parameters in psychometric chart s Dry bulb temperature (C) s Relative humidity (%) s Wet bulb temperature (C) s Specific volume (m3/kg of dry air) s Enthalpy (Kcal/kg of dry air) s Specific humidity (gm/kg of dry air)Q : mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr Ti : inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C To : outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C. Actual power drawn by compressor, chilled water pump, condenser water pump and cooling tower fanb }` Z 2 h  .34.4@j@h@r@T@|@@j^RF:." U-34.7z@j@@v@@@`@j^RF:." 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U@ LVALJ \ ^ #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration##http://www.cccglobal.com/PDFfiles/TP29_ITCS-Petrokemya=Scrn.pdf##http://uschpa.admgt.com/TB_TAchillers.pdf##http://cipco.apogee.net/ces/library/cws.asp##http://www.water-cooled-chillers.com/screw-chillers.html##http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/cfc_halons_dspslstrtgy_e.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN140188010X&id=A7UXfhcJ9BYC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&ots=0g-PehO2gm&dq=function++condenser+refrigeration&sig=bJ6PZENFN8a-aNSHmUhUPPCzIu4##http://process-equipment.globalspec.com/Industrial-Directory/ammonia_refrigeration_system#` LVAL< N \ ~ #http://tristate.apogee.net/cool/cxfv.asp##https://www.hqs.sbt.siemens.com/oem/e/dow/refrigeration/CR1656e.pdf##http://www.dlr.de/tt/institut/abteilungen/system/publications/roadshow-s.PDF##http://tristate.apogee.net/cool/cxctw.asp##http://www.ci.phoenix.az.us/WATER/evapcool.html##http://www.ashraeregion7.org/tc26/pastprograms%5CScrew%5CVib-ISO.pdf##http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file29101.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766819590&id=c9Bnjzipj9sC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=wZTZAw5pi9&dq=function++condenser++refrigeration+cycle&sig=FexT3OzNCMp2gn9jCF_FJ-5LtDU#PPA42,M1#LVAL<x 2click the view answer button and see long ans Q No.5Cold storage: By providing a chilled water storage facility with very good cold insulation, chilled water requirements can be met without operating the chillers continuously. These systems are economical if small variations in temperature are acceptable. It allows chillers to operate at periods of low electricity demand to reduce peak demand chargesList three important characteristics of  evaporative cooling systems . Three important points of  evaporative cooling system are: a) Less expensive and less energy intensive b) Most suitable for tropical weather conditions c) The temperature can be controlled by controlling the air flow and the water circulation rateThe efficiency of screw compressors operating at part load is generally higher than either centrifugal compressors or reciprocating compressors, which may make them attractive in situation, where part-load operation is common.CFC s are phased out due to their damaging impact on the protective troposphere ozone layer around the earth. Two alternative refrigerants developed which are: a) Hydro chloro Fluro carbon (HCFC) b) Hydro fluro carbon (HFC) LVAL:F #http://rclsgi.eng.ohio-state.edu/~christ-r/ceat/theory/theory.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007061623X&id=3eH3QGgIc0AC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=capacity+controlled++refrigeration+machines&sig=-W6gTMkuIXGCoyuD1pcGKCJqack#PPA136,M1##http://www.mhi.co.jp/aircon/chiller/abso/main.htm##http://www.plantsupport.com/download/ABS_0001.PDF##http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/HVAC/evaporative-coolers##http://www.xpedio.carrier.com/idc/groups/public/documents/marketing/04-819193-25.pdf?SMSESSION=NO#ZLVALxnExplain the principle of  vapour compression system with a neat sketch?Explain how capacity is controlled in refrigeration machines.Briefly explain the methodology of refrigeration plant energy audit?~LVAL#http://www.kenyaweb.com/horticulture/refrigeration.html# <<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< < < < <   @ @ @ @ @ @          LVALʾBk3ch1table in Design viewCreate query in Design viewainCreate report in Design viewCreate data access page in Design viewJ3 QY.N .. Y dY  Y dY Y Y  Y \ Y 4 Y 4&Y   Y  \Y   Y  4&Y   Y \Y  Y 4&Y  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 54\&4\&4&\44\&4\&4&\4YYBook NoChapter No    v1b N  : k &  @@@ @ LVAL $ ^ Xv&2bThe pressure to be considered for calculating the power required for centrifugal fans is: a) Discharge static pressure b) Static + dynamic pressure c) Total static pressure d) Static + ambient air pressureBackward curved fans have efficiency in the range of: a) 65  70% b) 75 85% c) 90  95% d) 50  60%The efficiency values of Vane axial fans are in the order of: a) 78  85% b) 60  70% c) 90  95% d) 50  60%The efficiency of forward curved fans compared to backward curved fans is ____ a) Lower b) higher c) Same d) noneAxial fans are best suitable for____ application. a) Large flow, low head b) Low flow, high head c) High head, large flow d) Low flow, low headName the fan which is more suitable for high pressure application? a) Propeller type fans b) Tube-axial fans c) Backward curved centrifugal fan d) None of the aboveThe efficiency of backward curved fans compared to forward curved fans is__ a) Higher b) Lower c) Same d) NoneThe choice of fan type for a given application depends on _______ a) Flow b) Static Pressure c) Both a & b d) neither (a) nor (b)For fans, the relation between discharge and speed is indicated by____ To view the options click the view ans button and see objective type Q. No.5Match the following for centrifugal fan types. Type Suitable for a) Backward curved i) High pressure, medium flow b) Forward curved ii) Medium pressure, high flow c) Radial iii) High pressure, high flowWhich of the following is not a centrifugal fan type? a) Vane axial b) Radial c) Airfoil, backward d) Forward curvedWhich of the following axial fan types is most efficient? a) Propeller b) Tube axial c) Vane axial d) RadialThe parameter used by ASME to define fans, blowers and compressors is____ a) Fan ration b) Specific ratio c) Blade ratio d) Twist factorLVALT p  d  x:ZT#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN047109532X&id=j8qIuFx3rRMC&pg=PA283&lpg=PA283&ots=Bg_k4ppKNc&dq=axial+flow+fans&sig=_M5ZMi2HA844V2CB3hjvTUmH5V4##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system##http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/Publications/infosource/Pub/ici/eii/M92-242-2002-11E.cfm##http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6595744.html##http://www.bchydro.com/business/investigate/investigate804.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA298&lpg=RA3-PA298&ots=xy5cUWP-qh&dq=power+required+centrifugal+fans&sig=ScuwUCt0dgraICK0eqzvv4bBTUU##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN047109532X&id=j8qIuFx3rRMC&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&ots=Bg_k5nrQQb&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=eFPQvQ8-1sRCL8_d-dryxK3XPm4#PPA293,M1##http://www.pnm.com/customers/tech_guides/PDF/P_PA_32.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN047109532X&id=j8qIuFx3rRMC&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&ots=Bg_k5nrQQb&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=eFPQvQ8-1sRCL8_d-dryxK3XPm4#PPA293,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN047109532X&id=j8qIuFx3rRMC&pg=PA283&lpg=PA283&ots=Bg_k4ppKNc&dq=axial+flow+fans&sig=_M5ZMi2HA844V2CB3hjvTUmH5V4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT159&lpg=PT159&ots=BcpCgiBGR5&dq=Backward+curved+centrifugal+fan&sig=E7OKE2bLdn-oI3f_Di-5BBPY5pc##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN047109532X&id=j8qIuFx3rRMC&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&ots=Bg_k5nrQQb&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=eFPQvQ8-1sRCL8_d-dryxK3XPm4#PPA293,M1##http://www.tifac.org.in/news/axfans.htm##http://www.tifac.org.in/news/axfans.htm##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fan-types-d_142.html##http://www.pnm.com/customers/tech_guides/PDF/P_PA_32.pdf##http://www.pnm.com/customers/tech_guides/PDF/P_PA_32.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0791802299&id=dPS2KU0gj-8C&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&ots=0ZPg9UiaaC&dq=ASME+fan&sig=yjIqCka9JWCFZbNK1C7eBqcUbm0#PPA147,M1#LVAL< : , t$.n#http://www.answers.com/topic/pitot-tube##http://www.answers.com/topic/pitot-tube##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive##http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000123000002000287000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes##http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4692098.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0813817560&id=12qU2EqlIjkC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&ots=BhxpwwOL4t&dq=power+required+centrifugal+fans&sig=RWM2A6ri8btdhwMUlgalpOU3RlQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA286&lpg=RA3-PA286&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=5RCwBJQTRrfK8XfB_NgNSSvQY5A##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN084939872X&id=lrKZLrPjeEAC&pg=RA4-PA143&lpg=RA4-PA143&ots=R3mE3TvUEU&dq=Vane+axial+fans++efficiency&sig=Gm5znaAfm-ClSznIf_BfEr9lSHQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA286&lpg=RA3-PA286&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=5RCwBJQTRrfK8XfB_NgNSSvQY5A##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0801982421&id=3MMldd1rwUIC&pg=RA1-PA1283&lpg=RA1-PA1283&ots=pva_smasic&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=F41drhjKK9m06-eJCVtEcN0WSDY##http://www.ebmpapst.co.uk/pages/content.asp?s_14,p_2##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA286&lpg=RA3-PA286&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=5RCwBJQTRrfK8XfB_NgNSSvQY5A##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(implement)##http://www.cpemma.co.uk/fanlaws.html##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(implement)##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN084939872X&id=lrKZLrPjeEAC&pg=RA4-PA143&lpg=RA4-PA143&ots=R3mE3TvUEU&dq=Vane+axial+fans++efficiency&sig=Gm5znaAfm-ClSznIf_BfEr9lSHQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN084939872X&id=lrKZLrPjeEAC&pg=RA4-PA143&lpg=RA4-PA143&ots=R3mE3TvUEU&dq=Vane+axial+fans++efficiency&sig=Gm5znaAfm-ClSznIf_BfEr9lSHQ##http://www.jeacoustics.com/library/pdf/72-Evans.pdf#LVALh n r  V bb#http://www.dwyer-inst.com/htdocs/airvelocity/AirVelocityIntroduction.cfm##http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6042335-description.html##http://www.northernblower.com/download/NBI_HD_Airfoil_Brochure.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0873351002&id=Wm6QMRaX9C4C&pg=PA1067&lpg=PA1067&ots=sHJNBj91bu&dq=power+required+centrifugal+fans&sig=LEVOhfsJxjadCp7Scz6igeDC_6s##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&ots=qNV1QOLwO2&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=NXJTsJhCyupqlukFHWdxHLJAXmM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN088173490X&id=UShVDsd5UxUC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&ots=qwqMzJGERX&dq=Vane+axial+fans++efficiency&sig=XnONA7RV0gtd-_9ZBkWUpTdmMSg##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&ots=qNV1QOLwO2&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=NXJTsJhCyupqlukFHWdxHLJAXmM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070194351&id=GMS_aVPWOugC&pg=RA110-PA2&lpg=RA110-PA2&ots=I625kPflzF&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=TferqpbrqRKn1rrViJw8SRdyMhg##http://www.remco.co.uk/products/bcf/bcf.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&ots=qNV1QOLwO2&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=NXJTsJhCyupqlukFHWdxHLJAXmM##http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/operations_maintenance/technologies/fans/types.cfm##http://www.cee1.org/ind/mot-rep/mot-rep-fanlaws.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT159&lpg=PT159&ots=BcpCfbDBQ1&dq=types+of+centrifugal+fans&sig=h48L7MhKH9K_FZQYmvSxf9hczZM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN088173490X&id=UShVDsd5UxUC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&ots=qwqMzJGERX&dq=Vane+axial+fans++efficiency&sig=XnONA7RV0gtd-_9ZBkWUpTdmMSg##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN088173490X&id=UShVDsd5UxUC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&ots=qwqMzJGERX&dq=Vane+axial+fans++efficiency&sig=XnONA7RV0gtd-_9ZBkWUpTdmMSg##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan#fLVALJ 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&X^#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1428911901&id=_Y7mbwuCoXUC&pg=RA12-PA1&lpg=RA12-PA1&ots=SKHoZ6i3Pw&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=8l4kXM0rXKaU2T6pigCe6c2GOT8##http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/chap14_10.html##http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/chap14_10.html##http://www.lmphotonics.com/vsd/vsd_01.htm##http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1422553##http://www.batech.info/Batech%20Pages/Specialty%20Products/High%20Performance%20Air%20Shower.html##http://literature.rockwellautomation.com/idc/groups/literature/documents/wp/drives-wp009_-en-p.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471532800&id=guzOLFhjPygC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&ots=ojRR7-LzKj&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=-cJX2PQkLMJsaE2yPGvaTP45ZxM#PPA153,M1##http://www.imc-magnetics.com/vane-axial_fans.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471532800&id=guzOLFhjPygC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&ots=ojRR7-LzKj&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=-cJX2PQkLMJsaE2yPGvaTP45ZxM#PPA153,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1428911901&id=_Y7mbwuCoXUC&pg=RA12-PA1&lpg=RA12-PA1&ots=SKHoZ6i3Pw&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=8l4kXM0rXKaU2T6pigCe6c2GOT8##http://www.mge.com/business/saving/madison/PA_32.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471532800&id=guzOLFhjPygC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&ots=ojRR7-LzKj&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=-cJX2PQkLMJsaE2yPGvaTP45ZxM#PPA153,M1##http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/module5/fans/types/types.htm##http://www.airturbine.com/tools/fanlaws.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766821005&id=Vi8mOA_0ArkC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&ots=BSBBc0EdKM&dq=types+of+centrifugal+fans&sig=p_QGJC7wZ3cjKMrmTqUBduC_r3c##http://www.imc-magnetics.com/vane-axial_fans.html##http://www.imc-magnetics.com/vane-axial_fans.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN063206434X&id=zxRdacCvjVsC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&ots=m_zqGCtzY5&dq=fan+pressure++ratio+definition&sig=cmxOjUZ5amYsoGJDK5dx3QBG4bE#6vj 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U35.4@Z@@:::::." 35.2X@ @.@B@N@ P@P@j^RF:." U35.2b@ b@p@\@F@F@l@j^RF:." U35.4f@ @d@@@R@@j^RF:." U35.2@ @f@f@N@N@<@j^RF:." U35.2|@ @f@f@N@N@<@j^RF:." U35.2t@@`@h@Z@*@.@ j^RF:." U35.6@a) 0.94 kg/m3@JJJJJ>" 35.5@b) turn-down ratio@@r@@rrfZNB" U35.4@d) variable pitch blades2@r@n@j@n@ xl`TH" U35.6@a) Static pressured@R@@@@ ~rfZNB" U35.6@b) velocity pressured@R@@@@ th\PD" U35.5@d) Speed control@n@f@V@Z@ |pdXL@" U35.4X@c) 20 to 30 mm^@@x@l@nnbVJ>" U35.4@b) 80 to 90%@ ^@ @ @ T@xl`TH<" U 35.3@ c) Total static pressureb@ R@ V@ @ xxl`TH" U 35.2@ b) 75 85%h@ F@ T@ h@ J@ymaUI=" U 35.2@ a) 78  85%t@ Z@ J@ f@ nnbVJ>" U 35.2@ a) Lowerh@ F@ T@ h@ J@th\PD8" U 35.2*@a) Large flow, low head2@r@n@j@n@wk_SG" U35.2P@D@R@l@Z@n@p@j^RF:." U35.2@ a) Higherh@F@T@h@J@ui]QE9" U35.4@c) Both a & bR@\@@t@|@ymaUI=" U35.3,@n@R@L@j@\@@@j^RF:." U35.2@ (a)-iii); (b)-ii); (c)-i)p@\@F@F@l@~rfZN" U35.2@a) Vane axialt@Z@J@f@mmaUI=" U35.2@c) Vane axialt@Z@J@f@mmaUI=" U35.1@b) Specific ratio8@j@N@P@qqeYMA" ULVALT  f nFn2#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1566704952&id=QpkigXRMotwC&pg=RA8-PA74&lpg=RA8-PA74&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure&sig=P3Z-FbDznVZA1vpAFppmXAYW78A##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1566704952&id=QpkigXRMotwC&pg=RA8-PA74&lpg=RA8-PA74&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure&sig=P3Z-FbDznVZA1vpAFppmXAYW78A##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070119201&id=3dNYDPVRXG8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=centrifugal++axial+flow+fans&sig=nzETk27i7qUSQ9QExAf-ZXVB6vk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849320151&id=MQg485e7BwEC&pg=RA1-PA145&lpg=RA1-PA145&ots=eYwx37EPjt&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=9W4gDm3iI83BnZAIWERZvSTqmrE##http://www.dwyer-inst.com/htdocs/airvelocity/AirVelocityIntroduction.cfm##http://www.dwyer-inst.com/htdocs/airvelocity/AirVelocityIntroduction.cfm##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_coupling##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&ots=qNV1QOLwO2&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=NXJTsJhCyupqlukFHWdxHLJAXmM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471017906&id=7yHLvnCO0qQC&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=6IliC8yrjJD3wr_OBt2dhNbKLlE#PPA506,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471017906&id=7yHLvnCO0qQC&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=6IliC8yrjJD3wr_OBt2dhNbKLlE#PPA506,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849320151&id=MQg485e7BwEC&pg=RA1-PA145&lpg=RA1-PA145&ots=eYwx37EPjt&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=9W4gDm3iI83BnZAIWERZvSTqmrE##http://www.aleja.com.ph/products/centrifugal_fans.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471017906&id=7yHLvnCO0qQC&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=Backward+curved+fans++efficiency&sig=6IliC8yrjJD3wr_OBt2dhNbKLlE#PPA506,M1##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fan-types-sizes-d_910.html##http://www.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007044451X&id=LqGx00U8nsUC&pg=RA5-SA16-PA21&lpg=RA5-SA16-PA21&ots=TL2Dhy9tM1&dq=fan+laws&sig=SefxUO-_eJ927Ucb3R8QSGVWA-U##http://www.ebmpapst.co.uk/pages/content.asp?s_14,p_2#LVAL N T 0 R The affinity laws governing fan performance is given below: Flow x speed Pressure x (speed)2 Power x (speed)31.Change of impeller by a high efficiency impeller along with cone. 2.Change of fan assembly as a whole, by a high efficiency fan 3.Impeller derating (by a smaller dia impeller) 4.Fan speed reduction by pulley dia modifications for derating 5.Option of two speed motors or variable speed drives for variable duty conditions 6.Option of energy efficient flat belts, or, cogged raw edged V belts, in place of conventional V belt systems, for reducing transmission losses. 7.Adopting inlet guide vanes in place of discharge damper control 8.Minimizing system resistance and pressure drops by improvements in duct systemclick the view ans button and see short answer Q No.30a) changing pulley ratio for drive and driven equipments. b) variable frequency drive c) variable speed fluid couplingPerformance of fans also depends on the fan enclosure and duct design.  Spiral housing designs with inducers, diffusers are more efficient as compared to  square housings .Forward curved fans have the advantage of lower shut off power, which is desirable for low flow rate operation.Radial, forward curved and backward inclined fansA very conservative approach is adopted allocating large safety margins, resulting in oversized fans, which operate at flow rates much below their design values and consequently which leads to operate at very poor efficiency.Low speed fans are preferred for low pressure ratios and large volumes.Centrifugal fans are suitable for high pressure applications as compared to axial flow fans.In centrifugal fans, pressure is developed due to the centrifugal force imparted to air, unlike axial flow fans where velocity energy is imparted to air, which in turn is converted to pressure energy at the fan outlet.c) Backward curved centrifugal fanClick the view ans button and see objective type Q No.5LVAL (<^fWhat are affinity laws governing fan performance in terms of speed, power and pressure?List at least five energy saving opportunities for a fan application.How do you calculate the velocity of air in the duct using the average differential pressure and density of the air/gas?Name different options available to control the speed of a fan?Which type of housing is more efficient for better fan performance?Write the advantages of forward curved fans?What are the types of centrifugal fans available?Why generally fans operate at very poor efficiency?Under which conditions of pressure ratios and volumes, low speed fans are preferred?Which type of fan is suitable for higher pressure application?Differentiate between  centrifugal and  axial flow fans?The density of a gas at a temperature of 50 deg. C at site condition is __ a) 0.94 kg/m3 b) 1.2 kg/m3 c) 1.5 kg/m3 d) 1.4 kg/m3The ratio of maximum to minimum flow rate is called ________- a) turn  up ratio b) turn-down ratio c) up-down ratio d) NoneAxial-flow fans are equipped with ______ a) fixed blades b) Curved blades c) Flat blades d) variable pitch bladesThe outer tube of the pitot tube is used to measure _____ a) Static pressure b) velocity pressure c) Total pressure d) Dynamic pressureThe pressure along the line of the flow that results from the air flowing through the duct is _____ a) Static pressure b) velocity pressure c) Total pressure d) Dynamic pressureWhich type of control gives maximum benefits for fan application from energy saving point of view? a) Discharge damper control b) Inlet guide vane control c) Variable pitch control d) Speed controlThe clearance required for efficient operation of impeller of 1 meter plus diameter in Radial type fans is ____ a) 5 to 10 mm b) 1 to 2 mm c) 20 to 30 mm d) 0.5 to 1.5 mmTypical design efficiency of aerofoil fan handling clean air is: a) 40 to 50% b) 80 to 90% c) 60 to 70% d) 70 to 80%LVAL  & ~ 0X 8#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849325145&id=QD74sZoM_4sC&pg=RA1-PA319&lpg=RA1-PA319&ots=V4os0-LF9l&dq=energy+efficiency+fan&sig=_nUebWoL6pv3f3hy7pj9vHTkuho#PRA1-PA318,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0873351002&id=Wm6QMRaX9C4C&pg=PA1091&lpg=PA1091&ots=sHJMGq64as&dq=velocity+air+differential+pressure+density&sig=qDOm0KGDj_mOqNPA3LfUl4QNpSk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT160&lpg=PT160&ots=BcpCdbwFR-&dq=changing+pulley+ratio+for+drive&sig=581pQoRd4MXzDfmba2OGLATsrS0#PPT131,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007044451X&id=LqGx00U8nsUC&pg=RA5-SA16-PA6&lpg=RA5-SA16-PA6&dq=advantage++forward+curved+fans&sig=xmlAHxrnp5IkZviFQ2kTR_31cR4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT159&lpg=PT159&ots=BcpCfbDBQ1&dq=types+of+centrifugal+fans&sig=h48L7MhKH9K_FZQYmvSxf9hczZM##http://www.feta.co.uk/fma/downloads/FMA%20GN4%20Fan%20Efficiency-v2.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766806677&id=tH6KC75vqSwC&pg=PA737&lpg=PA737&ots=l0_RiarX1k&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure&sig=mMfuL4vuYzvbSpGKwlsfd839oY4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766806677&id=tH6KC75vqSwC&pg=PA737&lpg=PA737&ots=l0_RiarX1k&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure&sig=mMfuL4vuYzvbSpGKwlsfd839oY4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1405122218&id=APsxfpmlWBsC&pg=RA5-PA267&lpg=RA5-PA267&dq=centrifugal++axial+flow+fans&sig=h63BUDERh-x_DG6j8uEe3pA5fNs#PRA5-PA267,M1##http://www.alicatscientific.com/understanding_specs.php##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070194351&id=GMS_aVPWOugC&pg=RA110-PA2&lpg=RA110-PA2&ots=I625kPflzF&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=TferqpbrqRKn1rrViJw8SRdyMhg##http://www.dwyer-inst.com/htdocs/airvelocity/AirVelocityIntroduction.cfm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT160&lpg=PT160&ots=BcpCdbwFR-&dq=changing+pulley+ratio+for+drive&sig=581pQoRd4MXzDfmba2OGLATsrS0#PPT131,M1#LVAL 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$&(>#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824790286&id=rCTTohFjO_gC&pg=RA2-PA409&lpg=RA2-PA409&ots=f4SJHvPESL&dq=axial+fans+applications&sig=r3K_fdpSObPTnouOaIIB8gdRID8##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/fan_sourcebook.pdf##http://hightech.lbl.gov/DCTraining/strategies/mahs.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0852952872&id=LP-IxSB6t64C&pg=RA1-PA122&lpg=RA1-PA122&ots=CDv-LiQ_Bf&dq=speed+guide+vane+control&sig=sjmCJAvoY0nUwESYLgci72rtcoM##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT131&lpg=PT131&ots=BcpBkhuDO0&dq=fan+laws&sig=dLYYH8_7K1qTP_PMwM3XyAvtzSg#PPT132,M1##http://www.modbs.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/890/Fans_of_efficiency.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471121460&id=p4ADbcI9nXkC&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&ots=4MjDiw_GhR&dq=velocity+air+differential+pressure+density&sig=7IB4TAFJzoxtdtn-Et8Jq50J4D0##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824706293&id=GkpNO5RnxNgC&pg=RA1-PA343&lpg=RA1-PA343&dq=advantage++forward+curved+fans&sig=9xFWPXYdcxnFTEPGpFEPxCQ_KnU##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(implement)##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fans-efficiency-power-consumption-d_197.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070119201&id=3dNYDPVRXG8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&ots=ZWzq2oGVXn&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure+application&sig=A2XwjEFeGYc0dZoRczCdPgjCKWE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070119201&id=3dNYDPVRXG8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&ots=ZWzq2oGVXn&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure+application&sig=A2XwjEFeGYc0dZoRczCdPgjCKWE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007044451X&id=LqGx00U8nsUC&pg=RA5-SA16-PA2&lpg=RA5-SA16-PA2&ots=TL2CctazT4&dq=centrifugal++axial+flow+fans&sig=qNoF9TSmidtYEI74u-BzTIMaHS8##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-d_590.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0801982421&id=3MMldd1rwUIC&pg=RA1-PA1283&lpg=RA1-PA1283&ots=pva_smasic&dq=axial+flow+variable+pitch+blades+fans&sig=F41drhjKK9m06-eJCVtEcN0WSDY#LVALnj 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\z"J#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT217&lpg=PT217&ots=BcpCecxFQ_&dq=axial+fans+applications&sig=L0GLae9EcGEyr0a4q1hM4BEI_z8#PPT217,M1##http://www.heatsink-guide.com/content.php?content=faninfo.shtml##http://www.bchydro.com/business/investigate/investigate804.html##http://www.xpedio.carrier.com/idc/groups/public/documents/marketing/wp_varspeedscrewcomp.pdf?SMSESSION=NO##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT287&lpg=PT287&ots=BcpBgfyBM5&dq=blower+different+fan&sig=-CEcsHnY08lNuQ-VlUHn9YDHkcc#PPT58,M1##http://www.davislangdon-uk.com/europe_middleeast/engineeringservices/cibse/energy%20efficient%20ventilation%20systems%20-%20january%202003.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824709381&id=qGYjfaUCtCMC&pg=RA5-PA21&lpg=RA5-PA21&ots=qahj0xg6-a&dq=velocity+air+differential+pressure+density&sig=q22dk6IPWDvvEdScBOLZLLO-qHU##http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/Publications/infosource/Pub/ici/eii/M92-242-2002-11E.cfm##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/sidelinks/Exams/Course_material/Book%203/3Ch5.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070110859&id=ULcMKCZLIaAC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=advantage++forward+curved+fans&sig=MrQRqR2xYT6m5Eg_zH49Zam6o_g##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fan-types-d_142.html##http://www.aerovent.com/aerovent/pdfs/ED2400.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT217&lpg=PT217&ots=BcpCfcuDM5&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure+application&sig=kzh6qfpaTMghqnjWUYAxtmaQKoE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT217&lpg=PT217&ots=BcpCfcuDM5&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure+application&sig=kzh6qfpaTMghqnjWUYAxtmaQKoE##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT217&lpg=PT217&ots=BcpCfbDJQ0&dq=centrifugal++axial+flow+fans&sig=LP-FGh8bf1qwok5EaFiOZYxy7PQ#PPT217,M1##http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-3/Chapter%203.5%20Fans%20&%20Blowers.pdf##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-meters-turndown-ratio-d_494.html#*LVALP& 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X#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471306827&id=365ITBehrZAC&pg=RA1-PA126&lpg=RA1-PA126&ots=h3oPWdQVtN&dq=radial+type+of+centrifugal+fans&sig=t_h3RKlLfpWJY-kTLfbEAxWYkyI##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070194351&id=GMS_aVPWOugC&pg=RA110-PA2&lpg=RA110-PA2&ots=I625jPhoEA&dq=axial+fans+applications&sig=rHenCTM1Ozvcb29tNauoJvTAcVA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750671580&id=vaH71WCKmWsC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&ots=Nc5OuXx7Oo&dq=pressure+speed++fan+performance&sig=umBTWRt9tEc6xiOee_FncSfqLS8##http://www.bbe.umn.edu/extens/ennotes/ensum97/fans.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0387305211&id=p76hStZJBXcC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&ots=v0rMMCHNSz&dq=speed+guide+vane+control&sig=PWNXzwL93DmkPCOVRwTJGVN62pM##http://www.cee1.org/ind/mot-rep/mot-rep-fanlaws.pdf##http://www.energyinst.org.uk/content/files/cpd/airconditioning.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN9058096335&id=8J2SL4EA-IIC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=velocity+air+differential+pressure+density&sig=dQGLJ0Qg_mhWhj8xfSdYdg9eI5c##http://www.lmphotonics.com/vsd/vsd_01.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750671580&id=vaH71WCKmWsC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&ots=Nc5PnRy5Qo&dq=advantage++forward+curved+fans&sig=TohkiAXlUU7J5qF8q6ftTVGTC70##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0766821005&id=Vi8mOA_0ArkC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&ots=BSBBc0EdKM&dq=types+of+centrifugal+fans&sig=p_QGJC7wZ3cjKMrmTqUBduC_r3c##http://www.tifac.org.in/news/axfans.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471849766&id=Ig_ibDveyUwC&pg=PA383&lpg=PA383&ots=APKwXh7icb&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure&sig=BdObIPskuOsifDapkrg0s9oCmDY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471849766&id=Ig_ibDveyUwC&pg=PA383&lpg=PA383&ots=APKwXh7icb&dq=centrifugal+fan+high+pressure&sig=BdObIPskuOsifDapkrg0s9oCmDY##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1566762243&id=BacpJCsD0VYC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=centrifugal++axial+flow+fans&sig=AmFbdZ3SWPhegjT348g65SXkLUM##http://www.coleparmer.in/techinfo/techinfo.asp?htmlfile=SelectingFlowmeter2.htm&ID=668#.LVALn 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~D^#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750670819&id=ETnuW3eeEyoC&pg=PA533&lpg=PA533&ots=ahE2kuYTvJ&dq=capacity+control++of+fan&sig=pAOb6rCqv2Fvft8vToNYKUFukrk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0831111240&id=SB--jIk1T4EC&pg=PT621&lpg=PT621&ots=-6c5_umigJ&dq=temperature+fan+selection&sig=eAJgXSia2dtjPs1RxwwAd-_2GcY#PPT621,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1592597793&id=X6iZsE1Xq1EC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&ots=T_fdaI6780&dq=gas+density+fan+efficiency&sig=5wYcdQUA4ZSUrUugtb9rsKwRlQg##http://www.moog.com/noq/_capabilities__c258/##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fan-types-sizes-d_910.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA286&lpg=RA3-PA286&ots=xy5bYWP0xa&dq=radial+type+of+centrifugal+fans&sig=3b6RgSu8ty4QRYOWQXLmh4mbe0k##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN084939872X&id=lrKZLrPjeEAC&pg=RA4-PA143&lpg=RA4-PA143&ots=R3mE1VuWHO&dq=axial+fans+applications&sig=fT7Aj7gXAHlJ-B3A8pDVymK7RTo##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA293&lpg=RA3-PA293&ots=xy5bY1O2wf&dq=pressure+speed++fan+performance&sig=GcRLEXyGvflR9L38nOK4aooMDt4#PRA3-PA294,M1##http://www.we-energies.com/residential/energyeff/cooling_facts.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0815510977&id=tofS0idKHQEC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&ots=eRM8Ob3X8T&dq=speed+guide+vane+control&sig=bNjimZXvA3XRPz9-pJN0XgQHmhg##http://www.cpemma.co.uk/fanlaws.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/fan_sourcebook.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0074455494&id=f3Jjx34ANlQC&pg=RA110-PA2&lpg=RA110-PA2&dq=velocity+air+differential+pressure+density&sig=LmeUjKsW0WQ2bR7nnIE07AJuNzQ##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_coupling##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750671513&id=V6hLqYAi5iAC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&ots=Gh8sE3V2cA&dq=advantage++forward+curved+fans&sig=dVRfKgaFfMQzDg7J4do0zW3rT0Y##http://www.ebmpapst.co.uk/pages/content.asp?s_14,p_2##http://www.ebmpapst.co.uk/Assets/PDF/Press%20Releases/FanEfficiency.pdf#}}w 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ULVAL p L 0 ~BF#http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/operations_maintenance/technologies/fans/types.cfm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849395844&id=HU16xfASjeIC&pg=RA135-PA1&lpg=RA135-PA1&ots=FLCs4FVAof&dq=capacity+control++of+fan&sig=Bw7_tEzFqGn5Qq5aG0OyB89w0kc##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071440909&id=H5wN054bFSMC&pg=PA259&lpg=PA259&dq=classification+fan+blower&sig=GKDboYv88ugXCkPcQm5BhxYMfz4#PPA259,M1##http://www.hoffmanonline.com/stream_document.aspx?rRID=16178&pRID=16174##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007044451X&id=LqGx00U8nsUC&pg=RA5-SA16-PA21&lpg=RA5-SA16-PA21&ots=TL2Bhs3rRa&dq=gas+density+fan+efficiency&sig=CKTiArVJ8fUgOesvLF0N36XtyrI#PRA5-SA16-PA21,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1428917802&id=h1ryoh5ObUkC&pg=RA1-PA250&lpg=RA1-PA250&ots=NbnXyiFtVc&dq=inlet+guide+vane+control&sig=1h_J1CF1hzztzrx9y_mtm_eZFs4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070119201&id=3dNYDPVRXG8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=backward+curved+blade+centrifugal+fan&sig=nzETk27i7qUSQ9QExAf-ZXVB6vk##http://www.pnm.com/customers/tech_guides/BEA_esource/PA_32.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070119201&id=3dNYDPVRXG8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&ots=ZWzq1oJX-g&dq=axial+fans+applications&sig=qZa7-p5aHNnG-lSy9F1-PnmeAk8##http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0111.html##http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:4NPM2Sdk8g8J:www.pge.com/docs/pdfs/res/rebates/WHFtechsheetv5.pdf+proper+sizing+fan&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=in##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0801982421&id=3MMldd1rwUIC&pg=RA1-PA1123&lpg=RA1-PA1123&ots=pvaZxqiwgd&dq=speed+guide+vane+control&sig=CrByNLhtI7f2la7GPYJMcHT-SOI##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471532800&id=guzOLFhjPygC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&ots=ojRQb6IvJf&dq=fan+laws&sig=QQTxR3TMUCRAfDrEk4tOZEV9p0A#PPA153,M1#LVAL6   | f How do you assess the performance of fans? Explain.List the parameters to be considered for efficient operation of fan?List the types of fans, their characteristics and typical applications?List out different capacity control methods for the fans?Highlight the specific differences between fan, blower and air compressors?Specify the importance of temperature during the fan selection?Explain how the variations in flue gas temperature will change the operating efficiency of the fanDescribe  inlet guide vane control for fan?What are the merits of  backward curved blade centrifugal fans ?What conditions suit for the application of radial type of centrifugal fans?What are axial fans? Give some examples for its application?What are the factors that affect the fan performance?List out main factors to be considered for proper sizing of fansDistinguish  speed control vs  guide vane control ?LVAL ` LFclick the view ans button and see long ans Q.No.1Variation in flue gas temperature will change the density of the gas given by a formula, Gas density = (273 x 1.29) / (273 + tC). Density of gas is important consideration, since it affects both volume flow-rate and capacity of the fan to develop pressure.Inlet guide vane control is one type of capacity control of fans. The inlet guide vanes are designed to guide the inlet air into the fan in the direction of impeller rotation and, therefore, improve performance, resulting in somewhat better energy efficiency than damper controlled operation.The merits of backward curved blade centrifugal fans are: a)High pressure generation b)High efficiency c)Power reduction with increased flowRadial type of centrifugal fans is used at high pressure, medium flow conditions. E.g. Dust laden, moist air/gas in textile industry.When the flow of air (or) fluid is parallel to the axis of the fan it is called an axial fan. Application areas of axial fans are: HVAC, drying ovens, exhaust systemThe main factors affecting the performance of fans are flow, pressure, temperature, speed and damper positions on the fan side and the power input in KW on the motor side.The following are the factors considered for fan sizing: a)Flow requirement in m3/hr b)Pressure drop c)Power requirement d)Density of flowing gas at the site conditionSpeed Control Guide Vane Control l The flow is varied in The flow is varied by guiding accordance with the process the inlet air into the fan in requirement by changing the the direction of impeller speed of the fan rotation in accordance with the process requirement.LVAL  f d .#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN9058096335&id=8J2SL4EA-IIC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&ots=qW-LsSkPVT&dq=assess+the+performance+of+fan&sig=Lapqz_e7J2BP4IIgX4NCk5x4FLQ##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fans-efficiency-power-consumption-d_197.html##http://www.tifac.org.in/news/axfans.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN007061623X&id=3eH3QGgIc0AC&pg=PA274&lpg=PA274&ots=9Dm4eRiQLE&dq=capacity+control++of+fan&sig=T3h0lFO7WZWS9Gr6ULVP2H2pqCg##http://ogeneralindia.com/scienceofac.html##http://www.process-cooling.com/CDA/Archives/483a2648585b7010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824748123&id=9DxU0SQuc0gC&pg=RA3-PA103&lpg=RA3-PA103&ots=_fPMo42CH8&dq=flue+gas+operating+efficiency+of+the+fan&sig=35ntoZ2w8-wVp4e_Y_Wkzw3XRN4##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0815510977&id=tofS0idKHQEC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&ots=eRM8O5YWfR&dq=inlet+guide+vane+control&sig=nIcaQ_BpKF8Jk1iQNttXSLtIP6M##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070194351&id=GMS_aVPWOugC&pg=RA109-PA2&lpg=RA109-PA2&ots=I624pNgsCH&dq=backward+curved+blade+centrifugal+fan&sig=xMBYv--Gs5En0fbilFfMOmg3lU4##http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/module5/fans/types/types.htm#LVAL T X D#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT131&lpg=PT131&ots=BcpBmfAHM4&dq=performance+of+fan&sig=y_6MzqumMEmFsTqWtMPk26wohHc#PPT131,M1##http://www.baxair.com/fansave.htm##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(implement)##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1428911901&id=_Y7mbwuCoXUC&pg=RA11-PA1&lpg=RA11-PA1&ots=SKHn_9i3Pt&dq=capacity+control++of+fan&sig=kg5ewxBJzY7ZMBuv3k9b78zfSpc#PRA11-PA1,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070059330&id=CwKZo9jAlrgC&pg=PT287&lpg=PT287&ots=BcpBgfyBM5&dq=blower+different+fan&sig=-CEcsHnY08lNuQ-VlUHn9YDHkcc#PPT58,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1428911901&id=_Y7mbwuCoXUC&pg=RA138-PP8&lpg=RA138-PP8&ots=SKHn1dnbRr&dq=temperature+fan+selection&sig=ypTTd9t92ZVeNfM_UtWIsnYhKWk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA295&lpg=RA3-PA295&ots=xy5bX3U0wg&dq=operating+efficiency+of+the+fan&sig=MHcyvYpW3TUiO_BdYsnBWnooucU##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750670819&id=ETnuW3eeEyoC&pg=PA534&lpg=PA534&ots=ahE2opZWAL&dq=inlet+guide+vane+control&sig=J4hn_KRy0c_EVGKwqt2rJ3AZfCo##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0750671513&id=V6hLqYAi5iAC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=backward+curved+blade+centrifugal+fan&sig=v4rTOk-kzHkFQMFWk5Jmw-9zuno##http://www.aerotechfans.com.au/custom_built_fans.php# LVALP t 4 #http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/module5/fans/types/types.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070110859&id=ULcMKCZLIaAC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&ots=pq9wA_ZGRE&dq=capacity+control++of+fan&sig=7XpAP2yEhaEnMgLjr7xB_FNMhFU##http://www.orientalmotor.de/de/uploads/documents/21122005152327.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0412064014&id=4ewKE8MZAZIC&pg=RA3-PA292&lpg=RA3-PA292&ots=xy5bYWN5yh&dq=flue+gas+fan+efficiency&sig=3wx9f787D3TrUsRG4UgwNEf6fUQ##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849398738&id=6pL7Wc9xl-EC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&ots=M6X84FHusY&dq=inlet+guide+vane+control&sig=ozdg6daw9nEzIVi_tNTQcbnOPBc##http://www.aerotechfans.com.au/custom_built_fans.php# LVAL^ 8 click the view ans button and see long ans Q.No.5click the view ans button and see long ans Q.No.4click the view ans button and see long ans Q.No.3click the view ans button and see long ans Q.No.21.Ambient temperatures, both the minimum and maximum are to be specified to the supplier. This affects the choice of the material of construction of the impeller. 2.Density of gas at different temperatures at fan outlet has to be considered while designing the fan. The volume of the gas to be handled by the fan depends on temperature.tLVAL#http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fan-types-sizes-d_910.html# <<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<  @ @ @ @ @ @          LVAL.          kzO[[IIzStats 5     Yes/No   j p/F@C QY-N -- Y BdY  Y  dY Y Y  Y \ Y \ Y \Y   Y  \Y   Y  \Y   Y \Y  Y \Y  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5\\\\\\\\\\\\\\YYBook NoChapter No    v1b N  : k & @    @A@LVAL & . z^:List out the parameters affecting pump system curves.What are the different types of pumps?Throttling the delivery valve of a pump results in increased ____. a) head b) power c) both (a) and (b) d) either (a) or (b)Pump efficiency generally increases with specific speed. State whether the statement is True or False.In case of increased suction lift from open wells, the delivery flow rate-------- a) increases b) decreases c) remains same d) none of the aboveThe most efficient method of flow control in a pumping system is------- a) Throttling the flow b) Speed control c) Impeller trimming d) NoneThe moving part in centrifugal pump is ----- a) impeller b) diffuser c) both a & b d) neither a nor bFor large capacity centrifugal pumps, design efficiencies are in the range of a) around 70% b) around 85% c) around 95% d) any of aboveFriction losses in a pumping system is------ a) proportional to 1/Q b) proportional to 1/Q2 c) proportional to 1/Q3 d) proportional to 1/Q4  In case of throttling operation, the pump has to overcome additional pressure in order to deliver the reduced flow . Please indicate whether this statement is (a) True or (b) False?For high flow requirement, pumps are generally operated in a) parallel b) series c) any of the above d) none of the aboveWhat is the impact on flow and pressure when the impeller of a pump is trimmed? a) Flow decreases with increased pressure b) Both flow and pressure increases c) Both pressure and flow decreases d) None of the aboveGenerally water pipe lines are designed with water velocity of a) < 1 m/s b) up to 2.0 m/s c) > 2 m/s d) None of the aboveInstalling larger diameter pipe in pumping system results in reduction in-------- a) static head b) frictional head c) both a and b d) neither a nor bPositive displacement pumps are generally less efficient than centrifugal pumps. State whether the statement is true or falseLVALt\ n  | VL*`#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR361&lpg=PR361&ots=_GSFCd8GvG&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=JBJ4nslXeZOfgwYcnZUnSXb8Wok#PPR362,M1##http://www.overclock.net/water-cooling/150100-info-pump-head-vs-flow-rate.html##http://www.lawrencepumps.com/newsletter/news_v02_i5_may05.html##http://www.cbu.edu/~rprice/lectures/pump.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856173461&id=GjpZFOQeH3cC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&ots=dgml_9Cxn0&dq=bypass+control+pumping+systems&sig=mhsaSXZmkX5ciqbQPeHTPMF-TzA##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_centrifugal_pump.html##http://impeller.net/magazine/Enc_en/doc28x.asp##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive##http://www.joliettech.com/basic_mechanics.htm##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/02-html/2-03.html##http://www.pipingdesign.com/pumps.html##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/16-html/16-11.htm##http://www.gouldspumps.com/cpf_0005.html##http://www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/control.php?_path=/497/503/512##http://www.seav.sustainability.vic.gov.au/manufacturing/sustainable_manufacturing/resource.asp?action=show_resource&resourcetype=2&resourceid=31##http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/impellar_classification.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1860584764&id=5SBEgNcPcMYC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&ots=f25FKGOd1b&dq=centrifugal+pumps++efficiency&sig=t3sMr2dzxaQKXSwLlFQetnRpmXo##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0878149058&id=tppLmQ6qUEEC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&ots=79-VgaCLsH&dq=friction+losses+pumps+Q&sig=TRIjFE-pnXB2ZfrJ0KzkaFtBGds##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/16-html/16-11.htm##http://www.pumpworld.com/centrif7.htm##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf##http://www.flowguardgold.com/designinstallation/hydraulicDesign.asp##http://www.poolspa.com/publications/sin/stories/august95/1/pumps.html##http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/PUMPS/positive.html#LVAL: L  jh@|#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856173569&id=7zEh1bs_Mm4C&pg=RA1-PA15&lpg=RA1-PA15&ots=2TeHi3R6SD&dq=impeller+diameter+trimming&sig=43cx7bco5rR3yxVFSiXzpSBbTiI#PRA1-PA15,M1##http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p012399.hcsp#http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/energymatters/full_issue.cfm/volume=10#http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/energymatters/full_issue.cfm/volume=10##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1851666451&id=0X11-ka7zTYC&pg=PA283&lpg=PA283&ots=8t1V9gR-Qo&dq=Best+efficiency+point&sig=a0H2p5aObmjbmY_zybtVEV6zExM#PPA282,M1##http://www.pumpworld.com/parallel_pumping_different.htm##http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int/motorchallenge/pdf/PUMPS_efficiency_basic.pdf##http://www.twadboard.com/photos/Newsletter_jan2004_chap2.pdf##http://www.frtr.gov/site/4_4_1.html##http://www.machinedesign.com/ASP/strArticleID/59268/strSite/MDSite/viewSelectedArticle.asp##http://www.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071390871&id=aMqj3qHjzJgC&pg=PA320&lpg=PA320&ots=a8psieM5NA&dq=impeller&sig=bDMOvW71j6AkhZFrTO7T7LyIZXI#PPA320,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN087201200X&id=-LPJ8yN80SEC&pg=RA1-PA181&lpg=RA1-PA181&ots=Ai8PSteHhE&dq=centrifugal+pumps++efficiency&sig=krhuE4gnWkaxuJg8X3uzO136Uyw#PRA1-PA181,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070340323&id=yU5TyJrOMF8C&pg=RA188-PA1&lpg=RA188-PA1&ots=SzN45oXKt4&dq=friction+losses+pumps+proportional+Q&sig=Amtc4CBbeINUNLbfDpFd4QaN51c#PRA188-PA1,M1##http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int/motorchallenge/pdf/PUMPS_efficiency_basic.pdf##http://www.lawrencepumps.com/newsletter/news_v02_i12_Dec05.html##http://www.modbs.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/2558/Maximising_the_efficiency__of_fixed-speed_pumps.html##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/copper-pipes-water-velocities-d_1081.html##http://www.lawrencepumps.com/newsletter/news_v03_i7_jul06.html##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#LVAL^T :  " Bpt.B#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471280607&id=NFb_mM580nAC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&ots=PH03XoI2sC&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=RXEnxjoL-KQ5xj2zf7-9XQprFaY#PPA201,M1##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/05-html/5-12.html##http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/PUMPS/types.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856174492&id=s-l7AK_QAPkC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=bypass+control+pumping+systems&sig=WwsnrwASWVuZ1Wv-nfzeVCmZ76I#PPA103,M1##http://www.fypower.org/bpg/module.html?b=food_and_bev&m=On-the-Farm_Energy_Use##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR686&lpg=PR686&ots=_GSFBmfJyJ&dq=impeller+diameter+trimming&sig=J2klg8ubgqEJl289qz6-ISpp9j8#PPR687,M1##http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf##http://dev.www.plantservices.com/articles/2005/491.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN3540404279&id=uRvqT3PromMC&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&ots=9jQwhdi2yZ&dq=Best+efficiency+point&sig=XYxFUCOA5YfsK5mdJqkNpxeiiwE##http://www.zoeller.com/zep/techbrief/JF1article.htm##http://www.irrigation.org.au/download/irrig2006/presentations/W2/W2%20Martin%20Newey.pdf##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/suction-speed-pumps-d_638.html##http://www.isa.org/InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=Article_Index1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=36143##http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/centrifugal_pump.htm##http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int/motorchallenge/pdf/PUMPS_efficiency_basic.pdf##http://santeecooper.com/yourbusiness/Commercial_Saver/Final%20PDFs/PumpingSystemDesign.pdf##http://www.irrigation.org.au/download/irrig2006/presentations/W2/W2%20Martin%20Newey.pdf##http://www.pumpingmachinery.com/pump_magazine/pump_articles/article_13/article_13.htm##http://www.bellgossett.com/Press/BG-CntrTk1199A.asp##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pump-delivery-flow-velocity-water-d_232.html##http://www.gouldspumps.com/cpf_0002.html##http://www.pumpworld.com/positive.htm#LVAL6@ & `#http://www.lawrencepumps.com/newsletter/news_v02_i11_nov05.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849385784&id=wiv1tuMDbTEC&pg=SA2-PA2&lpg=SA2-PA2&ots=Xv2kLPpVQf&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=DZFe9xTZwlwxxPICArk7Vug_8pk##http://www.pdhengineer.com/Course%20Web/Mechanical%20Courses/pump_types_and_selection.htm##http://www.ptm.org.my/mieeip/pumpsystem.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf#http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps5.pdf#http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps5.pdf##http://www.cetonline.org/FarmBusiness/vfds.htm##http://www.cbu.edu/~rprice/lectures/pump.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071440909&id=H5wN054bFSMC&pg=PA378&lpg=PA378&ots=mZxScaQXtB&dq=Best+efficiency+point&sig=CaTUASUYFbAwY32bSCB8dX9-3JI#PPA123,M1##http://www.etinstrumentation.com/mar_apr04/back2basics.html##http://www.shipcopumps.com/products/pumps.asp##http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/teenet/Variable%20Speed%20Drives%20-%20TFS%202%5B1%5D.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR172&lpg=PR172&ots=_GSFCldGBD&dq=impeller+centrifugal+pump&sig=bxl5fEDEeLndfGURxrSv3Xr-i3E##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471486809&id=Z7wMx5tIuxIC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&ots=AprWrNd2uD&dq=centrifugal+pumps++efficiency&sig=gPRT05K1LexqOR8PnW2QjBxNQmc##http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH441/losses.htm##http://www.shipcopumps.com/products/pumps.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR271&lpg=PR271&ots=_GSFAlbLyK&dq=parallel+operation++pumps&sig=yTL2lDSvMVipRDgzRRgmLOK1qSo#PPR273,M1##http://www.engr.udayton.edu/udiac/Documents/Fluid%20Flow_TrimImpeller.doc##http://www.lmnoeng.com/HazenWilliamsDesign.htm##http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2005/491.html##http://www.craneae.com/Solutions/Fluid/pdp.htm#LVALPX N z  bR`$.#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN041530606X&id=9HfzJ7pC5hIC&pg=PA308&lpg=PA308&ots=TgYi4CYiTL&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=otXtvmBEPpIatkOzAIA2WGSttA8##http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/pump_menu.shtml##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/psat_tool.pdf#http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf#http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf##http://www.eurotech.co.nz/drives_explained.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_centrifugal_pump.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071440909&id=H5wN054bFSMC&pg=PA378&lpg=PA378&ots=mZxScaQXtB&dq=Best+efficiency+point&sig=CaTUASUYFbAwY32bSCB8dX9-3JI#PPA199,M1##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps3.pdf##http://www.bellgossett.com/Press/BG-energycode.asp##http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005standards/archive/documents/measures/18/18_2002-03_JJH-GATES.PDF##http://www.animatedsoftware.com/pumpglos/basicimp.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856174093&id=-PSmttvpEScC&pg=RA1-PA53&lpg=RA1-PA53&ots=eMNumRw8z3&dq=centrifugal+pumps++efficiency&sig=90QhxYNzLLZr3xVKXqwPmyLkTI0#PRA1-PA53,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824741056&id=4-Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&ots=94ceegilkA&dq=friction+losses+pumps+proportional&sig=GsyX2Z-GxhG_8xX1HSNTtrW50A4#PPA183,M1##http://www.bellgossett.com/Press/BG-energycode.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824780728&id=gg01mAeYSMsC&pg=RA1-PA135&lpg=RA1-PA135&ots=MvAhN2TMum&dq=parallel+operation++pumps&sig=e0ctsgqdUV17BTkkqYMzFZhQdyk#PRA1-PA135,M1##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/case_study_brewery.html##http://css.engineering.uiowa.edu/~fluids/documents/lab2_lecture.ppt#275,27,Data Analysis: Results and discussions (contd.)##http://www.fluidh.com/WebCalcPumpHead.htm##http://www.driedger.ca/ce2_pdp/CE2_PDP.html#vJ 7  [ } b8'!'!K36.5@f@`@n@ \@x@<@j^RF:." U36.6@ @ @:::::." 36.5@ `@ v@v@ R@d@f@j^RF:." U36.5L@ @ v@v@R@d@f@j^RF:." U36.3Z@ @ P@r@j@z@@j^RF:." U36.6@ @\@z@r@V@^^RF:." U36.2@f@Z@Z@r@@f@j^RF:." U36.4@@@P@P@D@<@j^RF:." U36.2j@@@@f@RRRF:." 36.1L@ @^@F@@@h@j^RF:." U36.6h@H@L@H@F@\@@j^RF:." U36.6>@n@@j@@@^^RF:." U36.6f@a) 75%`@n@\@x@<@rfZNB6" U36.6|@a) lower start-up currentn@@`@`@b@ymaUI" u36.5@ c) eight^@d@r@^@ @ th\PD8" U36.4N@b) Best efficiency pointf@R@>@ R@ R@ xl`TH" U36.3J@l@P@ r@ j@ z@ @ j^RF:." U 36.4 @ c) both (a) and (b)f@ @ @ ^@ h@ sg[OC" U 36.5@ TrueT@ |@ @ XXXL@4"  36.6(@ b) decreases@ J@ TTTTH<"  36.6"@ b) Speed control$@ @ @ @ @ |pdXL@" U 36.1@ a) impeller@4@r@F@n@wk_SG;" U36.5"@b) around 85%N@z@@N@t@ymaUI=" U36.4$@b) proportional to 1/Q2>@@@b@l@wk_SG" U36.4n@Truef@@@^@h@pdXL@4" U36.6@ a) parallelN@@@Z@r@wk_SG;" U36.6@F@@@j@@@j^RF:." U36.4@b) up to 2.0 m/s@@@`@@|pdXL@" 36.20@b) frictional head@@T@j@V@~rfZNB" U36.1@false@F@N@`@Z@qeYMA5" ULVAL N  Installation of two or more pump is the best system. Here a variation of flow rate is achieved by switching  on and  off additional pumps to meet the demand. The combined pump curve is obtained by adding the flow rates at a specific head and the system curve in this case is usually not affected by the number of running pumps.Formation of cavitational bubbles leading to erosion of the vane surface " Noise and vibration " Partially choking of impeller passage and thereby reduction of pump performanceIf the incoming liquid is at a pressure with insufficient margin above its vapour pressure, then vapour cavities or bubbles appear along the impeller vanes just behind the inlet edges. This phenomenon is known as cavitation.The pump operating point is identified as the point, where the system curve crosses the pump curve when they are superimposed on each othea)Throttling of the delivery valve b)Changing impellers (or) trimming impellers c)Changing of speedclick the view ans button and see short ans Q.No.24Theoretical power, kW = [Flow in lps] x [Head in meters W.C.] x 9.81 / 1000The system curve is basically a plot of system resistance i.e. head to be overcome by the pump versus various flow rates. The system curves change with the physical configuration of the system; for example, the system curves depends upon height or elevation, diameter and length of piping, number and type of fittings and pressure drops across various equipment - say a heat exchanger.Pumps can be classified according to their basic operating principle as dynamic or displacement pumps. Dynamic pumps can be sub-classified as centrifugal and special effect pumps. Displacement pumps can be sub-classified as rotary or reciprocating pumps.c) prevent pump running at zero flowc) Replacing the impeller with a smaller size impellerc)Point of intersection of pump curve and system curvec) Both pressure and flow decreases(LVAL h T r4<vJRFor a system, where static head is high proportion of the total head, which is most energy efficient method of flow control?What are the undesirable effects of cavitation in a pumping system?What do mean by the term  cavitation ?How pumps operating point will be identified?Which are the three methods normally followed if the flow from a centrifugal pump is to be reduced?Draw a centrifugal pump system curve with representation of static and friction head.What is the formula for evaluating theoretical power drawn by a pump if the flow rate and head developed are known?Small by-pass lines are installed some times to _____. a) control flow rate b) control pump delivery head c) prevent pump running at zero flow d) reduce pump power consumptionIf the delivery valve of the pump is throttled such that it delivers 30% of the rated flow, one of the best options for improved energy efficiency would be a) Trimming of the impeller b) Replacing the motor c) Replacing the impeller with a smaller size impeller d) None of the aboveIn case of centrifugal pumps, impeller diameter changes are generally limited to reducing the diameter to about ____ of maximum size. a) 75% b)50% c) 25% d) None of the aboveInstallation of Variable frequency drives (VFD) allows the motor to be operated with ____. a) lower start-up current b) higher start-up current c) constant current d) none of the aboveIf the speed of a centrifugal pump is doubled, its power consumption increases by------- times. a) two b) four c) eight d) no changeThe intersection point of the pump curve and the system curve is called-------- a) Pump efficiency b) Best efficiency point c) System efficiency d) None of the aboveThe operating point in a pumping system is identified by a)Point of intersection of system curve and efficiency curve b)Point of intersection of pump curve and theoretical power curve c)Point of intersection of pump curve and system curve d)Cannot be decided by pump characteristic curvesLVALN 6 b z  <~v#http://www.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1900222833&id=RW6aprXf7l0C&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&ots=gw429FQXhO&dq=stop+start+control+pumps&sig=NVBj4Cw2Mt0xXStHWFCOL6aeLgw##http://www.lawrencepumps.com/newsletter/news_v02_i12_Dec05.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071363726&id=4CFxR7CKA-8C&pg=PT492&lpg=PT492&ots=6qAzc70ss_&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=AK5IT_lQieoA-OWNXmO7E6oXL7s#PPT491,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071363726&id=4CFxR7CKA-8C&pg=PT492&lpg=PT492&ots=6qAzc70ss_&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=AK5IT_lQieoA-OWNXmO7E6oXL7s#PPT491,M1##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/11-html/11-12.html##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps5.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR361&lpg=PR361&ots=_GSFBmfFxL&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=EO4SIjlbnQdnQZY4r4pIfLrIcPg#PPR362,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856173569&id=7zEh1bs_Mm4C&pg=RA1-PA15&lpg=RA1-PA15&ots=2TeHi3R6SD&dq=impeller+diameter+trimming&sig=43cx7bco5rR3yxVFSiXzpSBbTiI#PRA1-PA15,M1##http://www.wb.bv.tum.de/forschung/huber/huber_vdma2_e.pdf##http://www.wb.bv.tum.de/forschung/huber/huber_vdma2_e.pdf##http://www.pumpworld.com/parallel_pumping_different.htm##http://www.etinstrumentation.com/mar_apr04/back2basics.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070241848&id=EU83S_6QPKwC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&ots=2Zpwxo-Xzf&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=Ylz0JrvKR3zOB1Av6liVmMw1p5o#PPA195,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071363726&id=4CFxR7CKA-8C&pg=PT492&lpg=PT492&ots=6qAzc70ss_&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=AK5IT_lQieoA-OWNXmO7E6oXL7s#PPT491,M1##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pump-system-curves-d_635.html##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1851665560&id=cxiU3rm3tYQC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&ots=8hNAojGaOz&dq=bypass+control+pumping+systems&sig=il5ccUB95zkF-tsTjrTTl3DJJ48##http://www.energysmart.com.au/sedatoolbox/esm12.asp#LVAL `  ^ PR @p#http://dev.www.plantservices.com/articles/2005/491.html##http://www.bellgossett.com/Press/BG-CntrTk1199A.asp##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/15-html/15-01.htm##http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/ageng2/L886.PDF##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR356&lpg=PR356&ots=_GSFBe8NBC&dq=energy+conservation+pumping+systems&sig=8fFay3sZ93kjkP8EJ5khAJ98D8k#PPR350,M1##http://www.isa.org/InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=Article_Index1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=36143##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856174492&id=s-l7AK_QAPkC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=bypass+control+pumping+systems&sig=WwsnrwASWVuZ1Wv-nfzeVCmZ76I#PPA103,M1##http://www.pumpingmachinery.com/pump_magazine/pump_articles/article_13/article_13.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471280607&id=NFb_mM580nAC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&ots=PH03XoI2sC&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=RXEnxjoL-KQ5xj2zf7-9XQprFaY#PPA201,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471280607&id=NFb_mM580nAC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&ots=PH03XoI2sC&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=RXEnxjoL-KQ5xj2zf7-9XQprFaY#PPA201,M1##http://www.gouldspumps.com/cpf_0008.html##http://www.bellgossett.com/Press/BG-CntrTk1199A.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471593192&id=J_RSbj_KzAQC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&ots=4pQOOvwwcM&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=KQrp-bG7a63XBYnTOluEZxRMmHY#PPA99,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR686&lpg=PR686&ots=_GSFBmfJyJ&dq=impeller+diameter+trimming&sig=J2klg8ubgqEJl289qz6-ISpp9j8#PPR687,M1##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation##http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation##http://www.zoeller.com/zep/techbrief/JF1article.htm##http://dev.www.plantservices.com/articles/2005/491.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0801982421&id=3MMldd1rwUIC&pg=RA1-PA631&lpg=RA1-PA631&ots=pva-wkbtha&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=kWK66LPoPXDiEINo2zgdDIUX2d4#PRA1-PA632,M1#lLVALv T J l#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN041530606X&id=9HfzJ7pC5hIC&pg=PA308&lpg=PA308&ots=TgYi4CYiTL&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=otXtvmBEPpIatkOzAIA2WGSttA8##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_centrifugal_pump.html##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf##http://www.practicalpumping.com/articles/pdfs/Multiple%20Pumps.pdf##http://impeller.net/magazine/Enc_en/doc47x.asp##http://www.renewingindia.org/eefelec.html##http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005standards/archive/documents/measures/18/18_2002-03_JJH-GATES.PDF##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/psat_tool.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0824780728&id=gg01mAeYSMsC&pg=RA1-PA135&lpg=RA1-PA135&ots=MvAhN2TMum&dq=parallel+operation++pumps&sig=e0ctsgqdUV17BTkkqYMzFZhQdyk#PRA1-PA135,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN041530606X&id=9HfzJ7pC5hIC&pg=PA308&lpg=PA308&ots=TgYi4CYiTL&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=otXtvmBEPpIatkOzAIA2WGSttA8##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN041530606X&id=9HfzJ7pC5hIC&pg=PA308&lpg=PA308&ots=TgYi4CYiTL&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=otXtvmBEPpIatkOzAIA2WGSttA8##http://www.bellgossett.com/Press/BG-NPSH2.asp##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071361294&id=2nMw5-3VvdUC&pg=PA292&lpg=PA292&ots=qNV2SXRtN1&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=TR8TxrPVFEX0sRjhDWcssHdVObM#http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf#http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/trim_replace_impellers8.pdf##http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/cavitation.htm##http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/cavitation.htm##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps3.pdf##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/05-html/5-12.html#LVALT 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fD#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR271&lpg=PR271&ots=_GSEFieHBH&dq=parallel+operation+of+pumps&sig=kC4PegI4SB7vtWY-ojB_-Obgf_Q#PPR272,M1##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps2.pdf##http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT3922876&id=IcoxAAAAEBAJ&dq=energy+conservation+pumping+systems+&jtp=1#PPA2-IA1,M1##http://www.seav.sustainability.vic.gov.au/manufacturing/sustainable_manufacturing/resource.asp?action=show_resource&resourcetype=2&resourceid=31##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856173461&id=GjpZFOQeH3cC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&ots=dgml_9Cxn0&dq=bypass+control+pumping+systems&sig=mhsaSXZmkX5ciqbQPeHTPMF-TzA##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1856174492&id=s-l7AK_QAPkC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&ots=lugt7uf2hp&dq=stop/start+controller+pumps&sig=YYPAIGAYsvyNq8NSdnkZhI71Las#PPA26,M1##http://www.pumpworld.com/centrif7.htm##http://www.overclock.net/water-cooling/150100-info-pump-head-vs-flow-rate.html##http://www.overclock.net/water-cooling/150100-info-pump-head-vs-flow-rate.html##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/npsh-net-positive-suction-head-d_634.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR260&lpg=PR260&ots=_GSFBmeJCK&dq=impeller+diameter+pump+efficiency&sig=Rfpp35MmpWcj0rWe2gInGmEYT2k##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070241848&id=EU83S_6QPKwC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&ots=2Zpwwx6WBk&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=mc_9lTS_CInEKSkK47SpB4vQOeg##http://impeller.net/magazine/Enc_en/doc28x.asp##http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/38945.pdf##http://www.wb.bv.tum.de/forschung/huber/huber_vdma2_e.pdf##http://www.wb.bv.tum.de/forschung/huber/huber_vdma2_e.pdf##http://www.pipingdesign.com/pumps.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471361003&id=OYxacAomY8wC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&ots=FeNSaLsRXX&dq=centrifugal+pump+flow+control&sig=TshZlV3_M0CMvU2FyH78NfEdC10#PPA37,M1#>LVAL0h 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fbr#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849385784&id=wiv1tuMDbTEC&pg=SA2-PA2&lpg=SA2-PA2&ots=Xv2kLPpVQf&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=DZFe9xTZwlwxxPICArk7Vug_8pk##http://www.cbu.edu/~rprice/lectures/pump.html##http://www.engr.udayton.edu/udiac/Documents/Fluid%20Flow_TrimImpeller.doc##http://www.pumpworld.com/centrif7.htm##http://www.zoeller.com/zep/techbrief/JF1article.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0070119201&id=3dNYDPVRXG8C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&ots=ZWzr5nJXWi&dq=energy+conservation+pumps&sig=ZVNDoAzppiKHLl2_EUei_mxayvU#PPA116,M1##http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/teenet/Variable%20Speed%20Drives%20-%20TFS%202%5B1%5D.pdf##http://www.ptm.org.my/mieeip/pumpsystem.html##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR271&lpg=PR271&ots=_GSFAlbLyK&dq=parallel+operation++pumps&sig=yTL2lDSvMVipRDgzRRgmLOK1qSo#PPR273,M1##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849385784&id=wiv1tuMDbTEC&pg=SA2-PA2&lpg=SA2-PA2&ots=Xv2kLPpVQf&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=DZFe9xTZwlwxxPICArk7Vug_8pk##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0849385784&id=wiv1tuMDbTEC&pg=SA2-PA2&lpg=SA2-PA2&ots=Xv2kLPpVQf&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=DZFe9xTZwlwxxPICArk7Vug_8pk##http://www.pyebarker.com/TechTips/techtip6.htm##http://www.engr.udayton.edu/udiac/Documents/Fluid%20Flow_TrimImpeller.doc##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1575040301&id=nUD5sWOUeEQC&pg=RA2-PA172&lpg=RA2-PA172&ots=uSxf15RdE1&dq=static+friction+head+pump&sig=BT0_H2FT2j70oJHboJ8DW20wGhw#http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps5.pdf#http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps5.pdf##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/01-html/1-3.html##http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/01-html/1-3.html##http://www.etinstrumentation.com/mar_apr04/back2basics.html##http://www.driedger.ca/ce1_cp/CE1_CP.html#LVAL L 2 DDIn an energy audit study of a cement plants following measurement were noted.Estimate the reduction in power consumption of condensate transfer pump by reducing speed of the pump by 20% to the rated speed.From the parameters given below, calculate the size of the impeller which is geometrically similar size. The existing impeller diameter is of 380 mmExplain parallel operation of pumps with necessary pump curves.Write a note on pump performance curve with sketchList any four important energy conservation opportunities in a pumping system.What are the merits of VSD application in case of pumps?What is the significance of by-pass control in pumping systems?Discuss the advantages of stop/start controller in case of pumps.What is the significance of parallel operation in case of centrifugal pumps?A cooling water pump connected to pillar furnace, the specifications of the pump are as follows: Q = 12.5 lps ,H = 60 M, p = 13.4 kW As per the pillar furnace manufacture, required quality is 12.5 lps at 3.0 kg/cm2. What type of energy conservation measure can be proposed and estimate the reduction in power consumption.Plant has two travel grade boilers of rated capacity 38 TPH click the view ans button and see short ans Q.No.34What do you mean by NPSH? Explain briefly.Change in impeller diameter of a pump affects the performance of the pump. Explain?Explain briefly about static head and friction head?Highlight the issues relating to impeller diameter trimming for a pump in terms of basic parameters of Q, H and P.LVAL  vH"click the view ans button and see long ans Q No.5click the view ans button and see long ans Q No.4click the view ans button and see long ans Q No.3click the view ans button and see long ans Q No.2click the view ans button and see long ans Q No.1click the view ans button and see short ans Q.No.36click the view ans button and see short ans Q.No.35click the view ans button and see short ans Q.No.34The value, by which the pressure in the pump suction exceeds the liquid vapour pressure, is expressed as a head of liquid and referred to as Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA). This is a characteristic of the system design. The value of NPSH needed at the pump suction to prevent the pump from cavitation is known as NPSH required (NPSHR). This is a characteristic of the pump design.The basic affinity laws which govern the performance are Q x D, pump H x D2 and P x D3. Efficiency varies when the diameter is changed within a particular casing. Diameter changes are generally limited to reducing the diameter to about 75% of the maximum, i.e. head reduction to about 50%. Beyond this, efficiency and NPSH are badly affected.There are two types of losses the pump has to encounter. One is to meet the pressure requirement to make the liquid flow at the rate required and must overcome these two types head  losses in the system. The static head is simply the difference in height of supply & destination reservoirs and frictional head is the friction loss while moving thro pipes, valves etc. in the system.click the view ans button and see short ans Q.No.30K}w q  } w-36.7@b@ @P@P@D@<@j^RF:." U,36.4@b@ ^@d@r@^@@j^RF:." U+36.5*@ b@ V@@j@@@j^RF:." U*36.6~@ b@^@@f@N@@j^RF:." U)36.3d@ b@@@d@j@`@j^RF:." U(36.7@ @@@n@Z@ V@ j^RF:." U'36.6p@ @$@@@ @ @ j^RF:." U&36.6~@@L@ H@F@ \@ @ j^RF:." U%36.6@\@X@ @@FFFF:." $36.6@f@N@ @@ Z@ r@ j^RF:." U#36.4@f@@ P@P@ D@ <@ j^RF:." U"36.4@f@@ P@P@ D@<@j^RF:." U!36.5T@@@h@ T@`@^@j^RF:." U 36.6@@V@@ j@@@j^RF:." U36.2h@@F@Z@ T@V@F@j^RF:." U|LVALa) Throttled valve system b) Mismatch of head and flow c) Leakage in the piping system d) Over designed sizing of pumps to actual requirementThe flow control by speed regulation is always more efficient than by control valve. In addition to energy savings there could be other benefits of lower speed. The hydraulic forces on the impeller, created by the pressure profile inside the pump casing, reduce approximately with the square of speed. These forces are carried by the pump bearings and so reducing speed increases bearing life. It can be shown that for a centrifugal pump, bearing life is inversely proportional to the 7th power of speed. In addition, vibration and noise are reduced and seal life is increased providing the duty point remains within the allowable operating range.By-pass control is used when; the pump runs continuously at the maximum process demand duty, with a permanent by-pass line attached to the outlet. When a lower flow is required the surplus liquid is bypassed and returned to the supply source.In stop/start control method, the flow is controlled by switching pumps on or off. It is necessary to have a storage capacity in the system e.g. a wet well, an elevated tank or an accumulator type pressure vessel. The storage can provide a steady flow to the system with an intermittent operating pump. When the pump runs, it does so at the chosen (presumably optimum) duty point and when it is off, there is no energy consumption. If intermittent flow, stop/start operation and the storage facility are acceptable, this is an effective approach to minimize energy consumption. The stop/start operation causes additional loads on the power transmission components and increased heating in the motor. The frequency of the stop/start cycle should be within the motor design criteria and checked with the pump manufacturer. It may also be used to benefit from  off peak energy tariffs by arranging the run times during the low tariff periods.LVAL: 6 x  #http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071363726&id=4CFxR7CKA-8C&pg=PT492&lpg=PT492&ots=6qAzc70ss_&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=AK5IT_lQieoA-OWNXmO7E6oXL7s#PPT491,M1#http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/energymatters/full_issue.cfm/volume=10#http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/energymatters/full_issue.cfm/volume=10##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/pumps_TuticorinAlkaliChemicals&FertilizersLtd/Pumps5.pdf##http://www.lawrencepumps.com/newsletter/news_v02_i12_Dec05.html##http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pump-system-curves-d_635.html##http://www.bee-india.nic.in/sidelinks/EC%20Award/eca05/05Chemicals/ExcelIndustriesLimitedRoha.pdf##http://www.machinedesign.com/ASP/strArticleID/59268/strSite/MDSite/viewSelectedArticle.asp##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1851665560&id=cxiU3rm3tYQC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&ots=8hNAojGaOz&dq=bypass+control+pumping+systems&sig=il5ccUB95zkF-tsTjrTTl3DJJ48# LVALL #http://www.overclock.net/water-cooling/150100-info-pump-head-vs-flow-rate.html##http://www.joliettech.com/basic_mechanics.htm##http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0071374914&id=uBMXX4Trcx4C&pg=PR260&lpg=PR260&ots=_GSFBmeJCK&dq=impeller+diameter+pump+efficiency&sig=Rfpp35MmpWcj0rWe2gInGmEYT2k#LVAL#http://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN0471280607&id=NFb_mM580nAC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&ots=PH03XoI2sC&dq=power+flow+rate+head&sig=RXEnxjoL-KQ5xj2zf7-9XQprFaY#PPA201,M1# <<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< < < < < <  @ @ @ @ @           LVAL@MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  n f Uj觸.A>S/GpϺP@Bk3ch3Q1L]IV=.Sj觸.A>S/GBook NoW)g kLBRYj觸.A>S/GChapter No9FGphj觸.A>S/GSection NoLr=qzj觸.A>S/GSelect,WB<j觸.A>S/GQuestion type No%\@Fj觸.A>S/GQues NoC]kA,j觸.A>S/GQuestion Textx?=LI>j觸.A>S/GAnswerU/ɅiJCVSj觸.A>S/GLink1qLwN-\j觸.A>S/GStats 1^^~qAM/Rj觸.A>S/GLink2['bNoOj觸.A>S/GStats 2n?FޠL}lj觸.A>S/GLink3Tܔ7D#1Gj觸.A>S/GStats 3aDL'7|j觸.A>S/GLink4?(Kn>2j觸.A>S/GStats 4kzO[[IIj觸.A>S/GLink5p/F@Cj觸.A>S/GStats 5   j觸.A>S/GBook No       m       Q1L]IV=.SChapter No       0   m W)g kLBRYSection No       m       9FGphx Select     Yes/No   j Lr=qz& Question type No   $ General Number     m ,WB<؛Question No   $ General Number     m %\@F Question Text            C]kA,~ Answer            x?=LI>Hyperlink1            U/ɅiJCVS:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j qLwN-\Hyperlink2            ^^~qAM/R:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j ['bNoOHyperlink3            n?FޠL}l:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j Tܔ7D#1GHyperlink4            aDL'7|ؠ:4Statistics available for 4     Yes/No   j ?(Kn>2| QY-ZN -- Y  dY  Y  dY Y Y  Y  Y  Y Y   Y  Y   Y  Y   Y Y  Y Y  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5YYBook NoChapter No    v1b N  : k & dTLVAL  & zA cooling tower is said to be performing well when: a) approach is closer to zero b) range is closer to zero c) approach is larger than design d) range is larger than designWhich one of the following is true to estimate the range of cooling tower? a) Range = Cooling water inlet temperature  Wet bulb temperature b) Range = Cooling water outlet temperature  Wet bulb temperature c) Range = d) None of the aboveWhich one of the following has maximum effect on cooling tower performance: a) Fill media b) Drift c) Louvers d) CasingThe ratio of dissolved solids in circulating water to the dissolved solids in make up water is termed as ____. a) Liquid gas ratio b) cycles of concentration c) cooling tower effectiveness d) None of the aboveCooling tower reduces circulation water temperature close to ---------- a) Dry bulb temperature b) ambient wet bulb temperature (WBT) c) Dew point temperature d) None of the aboveCooling tower effectiveness is the ratio of --------- a) Range/(range + approach) b) Approach/(range + approach) c) Range/Approach d) Approach/RangeBetter indicator for cooling tower performance is ____. a) Wet bulb temperature b) Dry bulb temperature c)Range d) ApproachMatch the following cooling tower parameters a) Range i) Close to wet bulb temperature b) Approach ii) Related to ambient conditions c) Out let water temperature iii) Higher temperature difference Ans. a-iii) b-i) c-ii)The range of the cooling tower is determined by the connected heat load  True or False?In counter flow induced draft cooling towers water and air both enter the top and exist at the top of the cooling tower. State whether True or False?Natural draft cooling towers are mainly used in ____. a) Steel industry b) alumina industry c) fertilizer industry d) power stationsThe type of cooling towers with maximum heat transfer between air to water is ___. a) Natural draft b) Mechanical draft c) Both a & b d) Neither a nor bY-Vp" & ' @ r 1 \  XTPL `+on-3@ con,3@ con+3@ con*3@ con)3@ con(3@@ (((((( on'3|@@ (((((( on&3@ f@(((((( on%3|@ @(((((( on$3@ d@(((((( on#3n@ @(((((( on"3l@ @(((((( on!3j@@(((((( on 3r@@(((((( on3@H@(((((( on3@8@(((((( on3@2@ (((((( on3^@@ (((((( on3~@@ (((((( on3@@ (((((( on3d@@ (((((( on3@ @(((((( on3Z@ 8@(((((( on3p@ *@(((((( on3@>@(((((( on3L@d) All the above:::::: on3@Z@(((((( on3@ d) 2.8 oC333333 on3@R@(((((( on3@N@(((((( on3H@b) Film-fill777777 on3@T@(((((( on 3r@a) 63 kcal/min/ton====== on 3h@ a) approach is closer to zeroHHHHHH on 3@ c) Range =444444 on 3@ a) Fill media888888 on 3@b) cycles of concentrationDDDDDD on3p@D@(((((( on3.@a) Range/(range + approach)EEEEEE on3@ d) Approach555555 on3@a-iii) b-i) c-ii)>>>>>> on3@True...... on3*@False////// on3 @d) power stations;;;;;; on36@b) Mechanical draft====== LVALhn0  X&Reasons for excessive electrical load on CT fan motors are: 1. Voltage reduction 2. Incorrect angle of axial fan blades 3. Loose belts on centrifugal fans 4. Over loading owing to excessive air flow-fill has minimum water loading per m3 of tower 5. Low ambient air temperatureFRP blades are normally hand moulded. These blades are aerodynamic in profile to meet specific duty conditions more efficiently. Due to light weight FRP fans need low starting torque resulting in use of lower HP motors.Wet bulb temperature is a factor in cooling tower selection. The higher the wet bulb temperature, the smaller the cooling tower required to give a specified approach to the wet bulb at a constant range and flow rate.From the monitored DBT (C) and RH%, wet bulb temperature (WBT) can be arrived using psychometric chart and same is used for designing cooling tower. In the design of CT wet bulb temperature selected is not exceeded over 5 percent of the time in that area.Generally a 2.8 C approach to the design wet bulb is the coldest water temperature that cooling tower manufactures will guarantee.Cooling tower capacity (TR) = (flow rate x density x sp.heat x diff. temp)/3024 = 120 x 1000 x 1 x (37-32)/3024 = 198.4 TRThe basic components of an evaporative cooling tower are: Frame and casing, fill, cold water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, louvers, nozzles and fans.Different material used for cooling tower fans: 1. Aluminium blades (metallic) 2. Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) 3. Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP)Different air flow arrangements of mechanical draft cooling tower are: a) Counter flow induced draft b) Counter flow forced draft c) Cross flow forced drafta) Average maximum wet bulb for summer monthsc) Water flow rate and air mass flow ratec) Counter flow film fill cooling towerc) Hot water temperature from the processambient wet bulb temperature (WBT)zLVAL  ^ @*F|Estimate the cooling tower capacity (TR) with the following parameters Water flow rate through CT = 120 m3/h SP. Heat of water = 1 k.Cal/kg C Inlet water temperature = 37 C Outlet water temperature = 32 C Ambient WBT = 29 CWhat are the components of the cooling tower?List out different material used for cooling tower fans.List out different air flow arrangements of mechanical draft cooling towers?Select the statement which is true for a FRP fan. a) It needs low starting torque b) Increases life of gear box c) Easy handling and maintenance d) All the aboveThe temperature selection normally chosen for designing of cooling tower is ___. a) Average maximum wet bulb for summer months b) Average maximum wet bulb for rainy months c) Average maximum wet bulb for winter months d) Average minimum wet bulb for summer monthsNormally the guaranteed best approach a cooling tower can achieve is ___. a) 5 oC b) 12 oC c) 8 oC d) 2.8 oCL / G ratio in cooling tower is the ratio of ___. a) Length and girth b) Length and Temperature gradient c) Water flow rate and air mass flow rate d) Air mass flow rate and water flow rateWhich one from the following types of cooling towers consumes less power? a) Cross-flow splash fill cooling tower b) Counter flow splash fill cooling tower c) Counter flow film fill cooling tower d) None of the aboveWhich one of the following fill material is more energy efficient for cooling tower: a) Splash fill b) Film-fill c) Low clog film fill d) None of the aboveThe operating temperature level in the plant or process connected with a cooling tower is determined by: a) Dry bulb temperature b) Wet bulb temperature c) Hot water temperature from the process d) Cold water temperature into the processHeat release rate to the cooling tower in vapour compression refrigeration system is equal to: a) 63 kcal/min/ton b) 500 kcal/min/ton c) 127 kcal/min/ton d) 220 kcal/min/tonLVALZ b 0 T z JzLWhy air conditioning and refrigeration heat loads have to determine with greater accuracy in case of cooling towers?Write about the importance of wet bulb temperature in cooling towers?What is the effect of change in heat load on cooling tower performance? Explain.From the given cooling tower parameters, evaluate the following: i) Make up water requirement per day ii) Evaporation loss iii) Blow down loss Cooling water temperature : 1260 m3/h Outlet water temperature : 32 C Drift losses : 0.1 % No. of concentrating cycles : 3 Estimation of cooling tower losses: a) Drift loss : 0.1%Explain the terms with respect to cooling tower performance: a) Wet bulb temperature b) Capacity and RangeIn case of cooling towers, which type of fill media are more  energy efficient ?List the types of fill media generally used in cooling towers?What will be the effect of cooling water temperature in heat rate in thermal power plants?How to calculate blowdown quantity required in cooling towers?What are the advantages of FRP blades over the conventional blades for cooling tower fans?How do you calculate evaporation loss in cooling tower?What do you meant by effectiveness of a cooling tower?List the factors affecting cooling tower performance?What is meant by  Range and Approach of a cooling tower?What will be the effect of cooling water temperature on A/C compressor operation?Plant has installed 100 TR refrigeration system of compression type. It has planned to utilize waste heat in absorption chiller to meet 100 TR cooling load. What is the size of cooling tower required?Under what circumstances, do the cooling tower motors are excessively loaded?List the features of FRP fans in cooling tower.How size of cooling tower and wet bulb temperature are related?How a continuously monitored ambient DBT and RH data can be utilised for the cooling tower design?Specify the CT manufacturer design approach value.LVAL   LHN^Fills made of PVC, polypropylene, and other polymers are more energy efficient.Fill media is of two types: 1. Splash fill media 2. Film fill mediaEffect of cooling tower outlet water temperature on thermal power plant: 1 C temperature drop in cooling water will lead to heat rate saving of 5 kcal/kWh in thermal power plant.Blow Down = Evaporation Loss / (C.O.C.  1) C.O.C = Cycle of concentration" Due to optimum aerodynamic profile, energy savings of the order to 20  30 % can be achieved " Due to light weight, low starting torque is required, hence requiring smaller capacity motor " Also due to light weight the life of gearbox, motor and bearing is increased and allows handling and maintenanceEvaporation loss is the water quantity evaporated for cooling duty. An empirical relation used often is: CMH evaporation loss =Cooling tower effectiveness in percentage is the ratio of range, to the ideal range, i.e., difference between cooling water inlet temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature or in other words it is = Range / (Range + Approach).i) Capacity and range ii) Heat load iii) wet bulb temperature iv) Approach and water flow v) Filling mediai)  Range is the difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet temperature. ii)  Approach is the difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature. Though both parameters should be monitored, the  Approach is a better indicator of cooling tower performance.Effect of cooling tower outlet water temperature on A/C compressors, 1 C cooling water temperature rise may increase A/C compressor power consumption (kW) by 2.7%.For the given refrigeration capacity (100 TR), absorption type chillers require double the capacity cooling tower in comparison to compression type chiller. <<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <!<"<#<$<%<&<'<(<)<*<+<, "P "P  @ @ @ @ @       !"#$%&'()*+,LVAL Link5            kzO[[IIzStats 5     Yes/No   j p/F@C QY-ZN -- Y  dY  Y  dY Y Y  Y  Y  Y Y   Y  Y   Y  Y   Y Y  Y Y  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5YYBook NoChapter No    v1b N  : k & 0:@DtLVAL2  JjtThe average rated life of CFL is___ a) 5,000 hours b) 10,000 hours c) 7,000 hours d) 1,000 hoursThe percentage savings when a 300 W GLS lamp replaced with 250 W ML lamp are: a) 83% b) 17% c) 9% d) None of the aboveIf voltage is reduced for gas discharge lamps, it will result in a) Reduced power consumption b) Increased power consumption c) Increased light levels d) No change in power consumptionFor the same lamp output, 250 W HPMV lamp can be replaced with____. a) 150 W HPSV b) 200 W GLS c) 25 W CFL d) 150 W HPMVThe minimum illuminance required for non working interiors as per IS 3646 is___. a) 100 lux b) 50 lux c) 20 lux d) 1000 luxWhich of the following light source has least life? a) Sodium vapor b) Mercury Vapour c) Halogen d) incandescentColor rendering index of incandescent lamp is: a) fair when compared to HPSV lamp b) poor when compared to LPSV lamp c) same when compared to HPMV lamp d) excellent when compared to fluorescent lampOne lux is equal to ___. a) one lumen per meter b) one lumen per m3 c) one lumen per m2 d) NoneColor rendering index of Halogen lamps compared to low pressure sodium vapor lamps is ___. a) Poor b) Excellent c) Average d) Very poorColor rendering index is measured in the scale of____. a) 1  100 b) 1  100% c) 100  1000 d) NoneWhich of the following is the best definition of illuminance? a) Time rate of flow of light energy b) Luminous flux incident on an object per unit area c) Flux density emitted from an object without regard for direction d) Flux density emitted from an object in a given directionThe ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp is ___. a) Illuminace b) Lux c) Luminous Efficacy d) CRIIgnitors are used for starting____. a) FTL b) CFL c) Sodium vapor lamps d) None of the aboveA device that distributes and filters the light emitted from one or more lamps is ___. a) Control gear b) Lamp c) Luminaire d) Starter -Yq" 9 > Y  m , i  y8u4q0m,Z'on3@c) General Lighting ServiceEEEEEE on3@@(((((( on-@ bon,@ bon+3@ con*3@ con)3@ con(3@@(((((( on'3@@(((((( on&3~@l@(((((( on%3@@(((((( on$3f@6@(((((( on#3@@(((((( on"3@@(((((( on!3@r@(((((( on 3x@ @(((((( on3r@ :@(((((( on3@ @(((((( on3@ @(((((( on3@ @ (((((( on3|@@(((((( on3Define luminous efficacy?t@CCCCCC7 on3Define Lux (lx)?@::::::. on3D@Z@(((((( on3n@@(((((( on3@b@(((((( on3n@@(((((( on3@ d) 30 kHz333333 on3p@ a) 600 kWh444444 on3@b) less than 5 m:::::: on3@ b) HPSV111111 on3@ b) 10,000 hours999999 on3@ b) 17%000000 on 3|@ a) Reduced power consumptionFFFFFF on 3@ a) 150 W HPSV777777 on 3@ c) 20 lux333333 on 3@d) incandescent999999 on 3@\@(((((( on3@c) one lumen per m2====== on3@b) Excellent666666 on3@a) 1  100777777 on38@h@(((((( on3@c) Luminous Efficacy>>>>>> on3@c) Sodium vapor lamps?????? on3@c) Luminaire666666 LVAL <D x  FThe lamp efficacy i.e., the ratio of light output in lumens to power input to lamps in watts should form the basis for energy efficient replacement options. Over the years development in lamp technology has led to improvements in efficacy of lamps. However, the low efficacy lamps, such as incandescent bulbs, still constitute a major share of the lighting load. High efficacy gas discharge lamps suitable for different types of applications offer appreciable scope for energy conservation.Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of the degree to which the colours of surfaces illuminated by a given light source confirm to those of the same surfaces under a reference illuminent; suitable allowance having been made for the state of Chromatic adaptationLuminous efficacy is defined as the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp. Efficacy is energy efficiency of conversion from electricity to light formLux (lx) is the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lux, uniformly distributed over a surface area of one square meter. It is also defined as the International System unit of illumination, equal to one lumen per square meter.Luminaire or light fixture consists of the following components: Lamps, Lamp socket, Ballasts, Reflective material, Lenses, refractors or louvers, housingsLuminaire is a device that distributes filters or transforms the light emitted from one or more lamps.Filament lamps like incandescent lamps produce light by virtue of a filament heated to incandescence by the flow of electric current through it. The light from a gas discharge lamp is not produced by heating a filament, but by the excitation of gas contained in either a tubular or elliptical outer bulb.c) Installing separate lighting transformer and maintaining optimum voltaged) excellent when compared to fluorescent lampb) Luminous flux incident on an object per unit area6LVAL h bP, TZ:nHighlight the advantages of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts?What do you understand by illumination ranges given in IS 3646?What are the advantages of installing a  servo stabilizer for lighting circuits?Give a short note on utilization of  Day lighting ?Describe the advantages of providing transformer exclusively for lighting?What are the advantages of installing microprocessor based controllers for lighting circuit?Highlight various ways of how the light can be controlled efficiently in a facility?How  good lighting distribution can be achieved in a plant?What are the merits of  LED lamps over  filament lamps ?What are the main disadvantages of  filament lamps for panel indicator lamp application?Highlight advantages of CFL lamp (compact fluorescent lamp) over incandescent lamps?What should be the criteria for selecting energy efficient lamps replacement options?What is  Colour Rendering Index (CRI) in lighting technology?What does a luminaire consists of?What is the function of Luminaire in a lighting system?What is the difference between a  filament lamp and a  gas discharge lamp ?Which of the following options reduces the lighting consumption in the wide spread plant? a) Replacing 150 W HPSV lamps with 250 W HPMV lamps b) Maintaining 260 V for the lighting circuit with 220 V rated lamps c) Installing separate lighting transformer and maintaining optimum voltage d) None of the aboveWhat is the typical frequency of operation of electronic ballast? a) 50 Hz b) 10 kHz c) 50 kHz d) 30 kHzReplacing a 400 W HPMV with 250 V HPSV lamp in street lighting operate for 4000 hours per annum will result in annual energy savings of: a) 600 kWh b) 300 kWh c) 150 kWh d) 1000 kWhLow bay application areas are classified for heights____ a) Between 5 -7 m b) less than 5 m c) Above 10 m d) Less than 1 mSuitable lamp sources for the application of street lighting are____ a) halogen lamps b) HPSV c) HPMV d) Incandescent`LVAL~ h . zA new method of lighting circuit controls through microprocessor based controllers is becoming popular. This is achieved by infrared controlled dimming, use of movement detectors, occupancy sensors, to feed signals to control ON & OFF of lighting circuits. This method of control uses pre-programmed commands using logic circuits.Various ways of light control techniques available in a facility are: " Grouping of lighting circuits which can be controlled manually or timer based control " Installation of microprocessor based controllers with occupancy sensors, infrared sensors, movement detectors " Optimum usage of day-lighting and photovoltaic controls " Installation of exclusive transformer for lighting " Installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feederFor achieving better efficiency, luminaires that are having light distribution characteristics appropriate for the task interior should be selected. The luminaires fitted with a lamp should ensure that discomfort glare and veiling reflections are minimised. Installation of suitable luminaires depends upon the height - Low, Medium & High Bay. System layout and fixing of the luminaires play a major role in achieving energy efficiency. This also varies from application to application. Hence, fixing the luminaires at optimum height and usage of mirror optic luminaries leads to energy efficiency." Less power consumption ( less than 1Watt/lamp) " Withstand high voltage fluctuation in the power supply " Longer operating life ( more than 100000 hours)" Comparatively high energy consumption ( 15 W/lamp) than  LED lamps " Failure of lamps is high " Very sensitive to voltage fluctuationsCFL lamps are generally used as replacement for incandescent lamps. The following are the advantages of CFL lamps over incandescent lamps: a. Higher illumination level (55-65 lm/watt) b. Longer life (typically 10,000 hours), c. Higher energy savings and hence cost savings (nearly 80% saving), d. less heat generationLVAL Installation of a  servo stabilizer provides a stabilized voltage to the lighting circuits. The performance of the gears such as chokes, ballasts, will be improved due to the stabilized voltage. This set up also provides, the option to optimize the voltage level fed to the lighting feeder. In many plants, during the non peaking hours, the voltage levels are on the higher side. During this period, voltage can be optimized, without any significant drops in illumination but at reduced power consumption.Whenever the orientation of a building permits, day lighting can be used in combination with electric lighting. This should not introduce glare or a severe imbalance of brightness in visual environment. Usage of day lighting (in offices / air conditioned halls) will have to be very limited, because the air conditioning load will increase on account of the increased solar heat dissipation into the area. In many cases, a switching method, to enable reduction of electric light in the window zones during certain hours has to be designed.Most of the problems faced by the lighting equipment and the gears are due to the supply voltage fluctuations. Hence, the lighting equipments have to be isolated from the power feeders. This is carried out by installing lighting voltage transformers, which regulate the voltage exclusively for lighting circuits. This reduces the voltage related problems in turn increasing the efficiency of the lighting system. This also results in energy saving during the periods when the supply voltage levels are on higher side. In addition, it increases the life and performance of the control gear units of the lamps due to better voltage regulation LVAL "Lamp is equipment which produces light. Lamps that are commonly used are: Incandescent, gas discharge lamps, include mercury, metal halide and high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium and fluorescent lights.150 watt high pressure sodium vapour lamp can be used to a 250 watt mercury vapour lamp for street lighting purpose. A 250 watt mercury vapour lamp produces 12700 lumens output, where as a 150 watt H.P. sodium vapour lamp produces 15000 lumens output. A HPSV lamp can produce more lumens output with 100 watt less power consumption, though colour rendering index is not as good as a mercury vapour lamp. 250W HPMW lamp has around 5000 hours of burning life while 150W HPSV has about 12000 hours of burning life.B Electromagnetic chokes consume more energy compared to electronic chokes. B Less heat generation, hence reduced loading on A/c (in A/C rooms). B Lights instantly B Improved power factor B Less weight, B Increased lamp lifeA range of illuminances is recommended for each type of interior or activity. Each range consists of three successive steps of the recommended scale of illuminances. For working interiors the middle value (R) of each range represents the recommended service illuminance that would be used unless one or more of the factors mentioned apply. The higher value ( H) of the range should be used at exceptional cases where low reflectance s or contrast are present in the task, errors are costly to rectify, visual work is critical, accuracy or higher productivity is of great importance and the visual capacity of the worker makes it necessary. Similarly, lower value ( L) of the range may be used when reflectance s or contrast is unusually high, speed & accuracy is not important and the task is executed only occasionally.LVALz  , GLS stands for_____. a) General Lamp source b) General Lamp Service c) General Lighting Service d) General Lighting SourceWhat is a lamp and describe briefly the most commonly used lamps?Tabulate the types of luminaries with their gear and controls used in different industrial locationsCompare the efficacy, colour rendering index and life of generally used lamps in the industry. Also state the typical applications of the same.Compare the techno-economics of replacing 400 W HPMV lamps with 250 W HPSV, 250 W HPMV with 150 W HPSV and 125 W HPMV with 70 W HPSV lamps for same light output for 4500 hours of annual operation and consider Rs. 4.5 as per unit cost?Describe the step by step methodology of lighting system audit in a plant?List all the possible energy conservation measures possible in lighting system?Describe briefly the advantage of replacing a typical 250W HPMV with suitable HPSV lamp for street lighting purpose? )*<<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <!<"<#<$<%<&<'<(<+<,  @ @ @ @ @ *      !"#$%&'()+,LVAL@ MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  n f Uj觸.A>S/GpϺP@Bk3ch3Q1L]IV=.Sj觸.A>S/GBook NoW)g kLBRYj觸.A>S/GChapter No9FGphj觸.A>S/GSection NoLr=qzj觸.A>S/GSelect,WB<j觸.A>S/GQuestion type No%\@Fj觸.A>S/GQues NoC]kA,j觸.A>S/GQuestion Textx?=LI>j觸.A>S/GAnswerU/ɅiJCVSj觸.A>S/GLink1qLwN-\j觸.A>S/GStats 1^^~qAM/Rj觸.A>S/GLink2['bNoOj觸.A>S/GStats 2n?FޠL}lj觸.A>S/GLink3Tܔ7D#1Gj觸.A>S/GStats 3aDL'7|j觸.A>S/GLink4?(Kn>2j觸.A>S/GStats 4kzO[[IIj觸.A>S/GLink5p/F@Cj觸.A>S/GStats 5   j觸.A>S/GBook No       m       Q1L]IV=.SChapter No       0   m W)g kLBRYSection No       m       9FGphx Select     Yes/No   j Lr=qz& Question type No   $ General Number     m ,WB<؛Question No   $ General Number     m %\@F Question Text            C]kA,~ Answer            x?=LI>Hyperlink1            U/ɅiJCVS:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j qLwN-\Hyperlink2            ^^~qAM/R:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j ['bNoOHyperlink3            n?FޠL}l:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j Tܔ7D#1GHyperlink4            aDL'7|ؠ:4Statistics available for 4     Yes/No   j ?(Kn>2 QY-N -- Y wdY  Y dY Y Y  Y r Y M Y dY   Y  iY   Y  oY   Y Y  Y dY  Book NoChapter NoSection No Select Question type NoQuestion NoQuestion Text AnswerHyperlink14Statistics available for 1Hyperlink24Statistics available for 2Hyperlink34Statistics available for 3Hyperlink44Statistics available for 4Hyperlink54Statistics available for 5utne )ʀKsr `YYBook NoChapter No       v1b N  : k & P <LVAL     .fhThe operating efficiency of DG set also depends on: a) turbo charger b) Inlet air temperature c) % loading d) all the aboveThe waste heat potential for a 1100 kVA set at 800 kW loading and with 480 C exhaust gas temperature is ____ a) 4.8 lakh kCal/hr b) 3.5 lakh kCal/hr c) 3 lakh kCal/hr d) 2 lakh kCal/hrWhich of the following losses is the least in DG sets: a) cooling water loss b) exhaust loss c) frictional loss d) alternator lossLower power factor of a DG set demands_____ a) Lower excitation currents b) Higher excitation currents c) No change in excitation currents d) None of the aboveDesigned power factor of a DG set is generally at: a) 1.0 b) 0.8 c) 0.9 d) 1.1The permissible percentage overload on DG sets for 1 hour in every 12 hours of operation is____ a) 5% b) 15% c) 10% d) 1%The maximum permissible percentage unbalance in phase loads on DG sets is____ a) 5% b) 15% c) 10% d) 1%The starting current value of DG set should not exceed__% of full load capacity of DG set. a) 100 b) 200 c) 150 d) 300The rating required for a DG set with 500 kW connected load and with diversity factor of 1.5, 80% loading and 0.8 power factor is _____ a) 520 kVA b) 600 kVA c) 625 kVA d) 500 kVAAuxiliary power consumption of DG set at full load in its operating capacity is about _____. a) 1 - 2% b) 5  6% c) 10 - 12% d)Above 15%The efficiency of diesel generating set falls in the region of: a) 35  45% b) 50  60% c) 65  70% d) Above 80%Present specific fuel consumption value of DG sets in industries is about ____. a) 220 g/kWh b) 100 g/kWh c) 160 g/kWh d) 50 g/kWhThe power requirement of the DG set is determined by: a) base load b) Maximum load c) Partial load d) Zero loadWhich of the following is the last step in diesel engine operation? a) Induction stoke b) Compression stroke c) Ignition stroke d) Exhaust strokeThe compression ratio in diesel engines is in the range of: a) 10:1 to 15:1 b) 14:1 to 25:1 c) 5:1 to 10:1 d) 1:2 to 3:1T-Zh = K M a , W  SOK G[& ?-3@  c ?,3p@  c ?+3@  c ?*3@  c ?)3@  c ?(3@ V@((((((  ?'3@ @ ((((((  ?&3@ V@ ((((((  ?%3@ >@ ((((((  ?$3@ @ ((((((  ?#3@ @ ((((((  ?"3v@ @((((((  ?!3@ @((((((  ? 3@@((((((  ?3r@@((((((  ?3@@((((((  ?3T@ @((((((  ?3x@ @((((((  ?3@ p@((((((  ?3@ j@((((((  ?3@ .@((((((  ?3 @h@((((((  ?3@@((((((  ?3b@N@((((((  ?3n@z@((((((  ?3@b) Back pressure::::::  ?3 @ c ?3@h@((((((  ?3@d) all the above::::::  ?30@b) 250  300 mm WC??????  ?3V@c) 340 to 370 C::::::  ?3t@ a) 4.8 lakh kCal/hr======  ? 3@ d) alternator loss<<<<<<  ? 3D@ b) Higher excitation currentsGGGGGG  ? 3@ b) 0.8000000  ? 3@ c) 10%000000  ? 3@c) 10%000000  ?3@b) 200000000  ?3h@ a) 520 kVA444444  ?3@ a) 1 - 2%333333  ?3@a) 35  45%888888  ?3@c) 160 g/kWh666666  ?3@b) Maximum load999999  ?3&@d) Exhaust stroke;;;;;;  ?3@b) 14:1 to 25:1999999 LVALz d b@2f@Name two waste heat recovery options from DG sets flue gas?What is the significance of back pressure in the flue gas path while recovering waste heat in a DG set?What factors affect waste heat recovery from flue gasses?Estimate the waste heat potential for a 1500 kVA DG set at 1000 kW loading and with 520 deg. C exhaust temperature.Give a typical energy balance of a DG set.Explain the effect of operating DG sets at low power factor?What is the likely effect of unbalanced loads on DG set operation?What is the reason for not operating small DG-set parallel with grid?Which type of cooling is better for DG set -  Air Cooling or  Water Cooling ? Why?Estimate the DG set rating in kVA for a connected load of 1600 kW with a diversity factor of 1.88. Consider 85% loading and power factor as 0.8.List down the factors that need to be considered for DG set selection?Name the components of diesel generating system:Briefly Explain the principle of 4 stroke diesel engineThe main precaution to be taken care by the waste heat recovery device manufacture to prevent the problem in DG set during operation is: a) Temperature raises b) Back pressure c) Over loading of waste heat recovery tubes d) Turbulence of exhaust gasesThe jacket cooling water temperature for DG sets should be in the range of ________ a) 40  50 C b) 30  40C c) 80  90C d) 45  60CFor a DG set, the copper losses in the alternator are proportional to the: a) Current delivered by the alternator b) Square of the current delivered by the alternator c) Square root of the current delivered by the alternator d) None of the aboveThe maximum back pressure allowed for DG sets is in the range of____. a) 100  200 mm WC b) 250  300 mm WC c) 400  500 mm WC d) above 500 mm WCTypical exit flue gas temperature of 5 MW DG set operating above 80% load is of the order of ____. a) 550 to 560 C b) 210 to 240 C c) 340 to 370 C d) 400 to 450 CLVAL n@Waste heat potential = 1000 x 8 x 0.25 x (520  180) = 6.8 lakh kCal/hrWater cooled set is better than an air cooled set, as most users are worried about the overheating of engines during summer months. This is to some extent is true and precautions have to be taken to ensure that the cooling water temperature does not exceed the prescribed limits.Connected load : 1600 kW Diversity factor : 1.88 Maximum demand : 1600/1.88 = 850 kW % loading : 85% Set rating : 850 / 0.85 = 1000 kW At 0.8 pf, rating : 1250 kVAFactor need to be considered for proper selection of DG set are: a. Loading b. Speed c. Cooling system d. Environmental conditions e. Fuel quality f. Control system, starting equipment g. Drive type h. Ambient temperature, altitude, humidity etcA diesel generating set as a system consists of the following components or blocks. Successful functioning of the set depends upon the well matched performance of these components. a) The diesel engine and its accessories. b) The AC Generator. c) The control systems and switchgear. d) The foundation and power house civil works. e) The connected load with its own components like heating, motor drives, lighting etc.The 4 stroke operations in a diesel engine are: induction stroke, compression stroke, ignition and power stroke and exhaust stroke. 1st : Induction stroke - while the inlet valve is open, the descending piston draws in fresh air. 2nd : Compression stroke - while the valves are closed, the air is compressed to a pressure of up to 25 bar. 3rd : Ignition and power stroke - fuel is injected, while the valves are closed (fuel injection actually starts at the end of the previous stroke), the fuel ignites spontaneously and the piston is forced downwards by the combustion gases. 4th : Exhaust stroke - the exhaust valve is open and the rising piston discharges the spent gases from the cylinder.b) Square of the current delivered by the alternator LVAL & F*Great care is required in sequencing the load on D.G.set/s. It is advisable to start the load with highest transient kVA first followed by other loads in the descending order of the starting kVA. This will lead to optimum sizing and better utilisation of transient load handling capacity of D.G.set.a) Waste heat recovery boiler for steam generation b) Waste heat recovered in the form of hot water used in vapour absorption systemFull load power = rated kVA x PF = 1000 kVA x 0.80 pf = 800 kW. Units of energy generated in one hour = 800 kWh. Specific energy consumption at full load = 4.0 lts / kWh. Fuel consumed per hour = 800 / 4.0 = 200 liters.The back pressure in the flue gas path is caused by addition pressure drop in waste heat recovery unit. The maximum pressure drop allowed is 250  300 mmWc and the heat recovery unit should have a pressure drop lower than that.The factors affecting Waste Heat Recovery from flue Gases are: a) DG Set loading, b) Temperature of Exhaust flue Gases after turbo charger c) Hours of Operation d) Back Pressure on the DG SetA typical Energy Balance in a DG set indicates following Break-up: Input : 100% Thermal Energy Outputs : 35% Electrical Output 4% Alternator Losses 33% Stack Loss through Flue Gases 24% Coolant Losses 4% Radiation LossesLower power factor demands higher excitation currents and results in increased losses. Over sizing A.C. generators for operation at lower power factors results in lower operating efficiency and higher costs.It is always recommended to have the load as much balanced as possible, since unbalanced loads can cause increased losses, heating and decrease in efficiency. It also results in unbalanced output voltages. The maximum unbalanced load between phases should not exceed 10 % of the capacity of the generating sets.The grid is an infinite bus and paralleling a small capacity DG set would involve operational risks despite normal protection like reverse power relay, voltage and frequency relays.|LVAL t  Z tXName and describe few characteristics of load which influences the efficient use of DG set?Explain the possible energy saving measures for DG sets.List all the advantages of using a DG set compared to other types of power generation?Write the advantage of adopting Diesel Power Plants. Compare Diesel Set with combined GT & ST and conventional Steam plant for the following:What are the points to be considered while selecting an engine in a DG set? Explain their importance?What precautions should be taken while sequencing of loads on DG sets?What steps one need to consider while selecting DG set with non linear loads?  What parameters need to be analysed to assess the DG set performance?List out any four energy conservation opportunities for a DG system.Name 5-typical instruments that has to be deployed and its purpose for carrying out an energy audit of a DG setGive typical examples of application of Waste Heat Recovery Systems for DG sets.In a DG set, the generator is rated at 1000kVA, 415V, 1391A, 0.8PF, 1500 rpm. If the full load specific energy consumption of this DG set is 4.0 kWh per litre of fuel, then how much fuel is consumed while delivering full load output for one hour..LVALb @FSpecial loads like rectifier / thyristor loads, welding loads, furnace loads need an application check. The manufacturer of diesel engine and AC generator should be consulted for proper recommendation so that desired utilisation of DG set is achieved without any problem. In certain cases of loads, which are sensitive to voltage, frequency regulation, voltage wave form, consideration should be given to segregate the loads, and feed it by a dedicated power supply which usually assumes the form of DG motor driven generator set. Such an alternative ensures that special design of AC generator is restricted to that portion of the load which requires high purity rather than increasing the price of the D.G.set by specially designed AC generator for complete load.a) Average alternator loading. b) Average engine loading. c) Percentage loading on alternator. d) Percentage loading on engine. e) Specific power generation kWh/liter.The following energy conservation opportunities are highlighted in DG operating systems " Waste heat recovery system to recover heat from flue gas " Improvement in load factor " Option of parallel operation among DG sets for improved loading and fuel economy " Improve air filtration" Fyrite kit for measuring CO2% in Flue gas " Temperature indicator with sensors* " Vane Anemometer is used to measure the Radiator air velocity " Tachometer is used to measure the speed of the engine " Power analyser / Load manager is used to measure electrical parameters like Voltage, Current, kW, kVA and Power FactorVarious waste heat recovery equipments for DG sets are available for the recovery of the otherwise wasted energy. Some of the possible applications are listed below: " In waste heat boilers for steam generation " For preheating combustion air for heaters/furnaces near by " To heat air for drying purpose " To generate hot water for process " To heat thermal oil for process " For vapour absorption refrigeration systems " For preheating stock for furnaces <<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <!<"<#<$<%<&<'<(<)<*<+<,  @ @ @ @ @                                         ! 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No!N9G&>ޤ>m@,C%瑧+Ques NoK)~L:o$>m@,C%瑧+Question TextLWBN__>m@,C%瑧+Answer,}E&O{R >m@,C%瑧+Link1"jJG\`>m@,C%瑧+Stats 1!BrKu^zJ5M>m@,C%瑧+Link2B$=@iGP,T>m@,C%瑧+Stats 2%KZȰ,>m@,C%瑧+Link31'@jLʽO>m@,C%瑧+Stats 3ԫ}|Ih{af>m@,C%瑧+Link423aØGREp>m@,C%瑧+Stats 4b-ɺGl3mM`>m@,C%瑧+Link5m@,C%瑧+Stats 5   >m@,C%瑧+Book No X      m       6pGKC{./Chapter No v      0   m v5|UKqSection No       m       .Q FUDx Select H    Yes/No   j ߸jACHZ׼& Question type No   $ General Number     m gGCQuestion No   $ General Number     m !N9G&>ޤ Question Text            K)~L:o$~ Answer            LWBN__Hyperlink1            ,}E&O{R zStats 1     Yes/No   j "jJG\`| Link2            !BrKu^zJ5MzStats 2     Yes/No   j B$=@iGP,T| Link3            %KZȰ,zStats 3     Yes/No   j 1'@jLʽO| Link4            ԫ}|Ih{afzStats 4     Yes/No   j 23aØGREp| Link5            b-ɺGl3mM`zStats 5   LVAL  Yes/No   j m@,C%瑧+9UѺP@Bk3ch66pGKC{./>m@,C%瑧+Book Nov5|UKq>m@,C%瑧+Chapter No.Q FUD>m@,C%瑧+Section No߸jACHZ׼>m@,C%瑧+SelectgGC>m@,C%瑧+Question type No!N9G&>ޤ>m@,C%瑧+Ques NoK)~L:o$>m@,C%瑧+Question TextLWBN__>m@,C%瑧+Answer,}E&O{R >m@,C%瑧+Link1"jJG\`>m@,C%瑧+Stats 1!BrKu^zJ5M>m@,C%瑧+Link2B$=@iGP,T>m@,C%瑧+Stats 2%KZȰ,>m@,C%瑧+Link31'@jLʽO>m@,C%瑧+Stats 3ԫ}|Ih{af>m@,C%瑧+Link423aØGREp>m@,C%瑧+Stats 4b-ɺGl3mM`>m@,C%瑧+Link5m@,C%瑧+Stats 5   >m@,C%瑧+Book No X      m       6pGKC{./Chapter No v      0   m v5|UKqSection No       m       .Q FUDx Select H    Yes/No   j ߸jACHZ׼& Question type No   $ General Number     m gGCQuestion No   $ General Number     m !N9G&>ޤ Question Text            K)~L:o$~ Answer            LWBN__Hyperlink1            ,}E&O{R :4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j "jJG\`| Link2            !BrKu^zJ5MzStats 2     Yes/No   j B$=@iGP,T| Link3            %KZȰ,zStats 3     Yes/No   j 1'@jLʽO| Link4            ԫ}|Ih{afzStats 4     Yes/No   j 23aØGREp| Link5            b-ɺGl3mM`zStatsLVAL 5     Yes/No   j m@,C%瑧+9UѺP@Bk3ch66pGKC{./>m@,C%瑧+Book Nov5|UKq>m@,C%瑧+Chapter No.Q FUD>m@,C%瑧+Section No߸jACHZ׼>m@,C%瑧+SelectgGC>m@,C%瑧+Question type No!N9G&>ޤ>m@,C%瑧+Ques NoK)~L:o$>m@,C%瑧+Question TextLWBN__>m@,C%瑧+Answer,}E&O{R >m@,C%瑧+Link1"jJG\`>m@,C%瑧+Stats 1!BrKu^zJ5M>m@,C%瑧+Link2B$=@iGP,T>m@,C%瑧+Stats 2%KZȰ,>m@,C%瑧+Link31'@jLʽO>m@,C%瑧+Stats 3ԫ}|Ih{af>m@,C%瑧+Link423aØGREp>m@,C%瑧+Stats 4b-ɺGl3mM`>m@,C%瑧+Link5m@,C%瑧+Stats 5   >m@,C%瑧+Book No X      m       6pGKC{./Chapter No v      0   m v5|UKqSection No       m       .Q FUDx Select H    Yes/No   j ߸jACHZ׼& Question type No   $ General Number     m gGCQuestion No   $ General Number     m !N9G&>ޤ Question Text            K)~L:o$~ Answer            LWBN__Hyperlink1            ,}E&O{R :4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j "jJG\`Hyperlink2            !BrKu^zJ5MzStats 2     Yes/No   j B$=@iGP,T| Link3            %KZȰ,zStats 3     Yes/No   j 1'@jLʽO| Link4            ԫ}|Ih{afzStats 4     Yes/No   j 23aØGREp| Link5            b-ɺGl3mM`z~LVALStats 5     Yes/No   j m@,C%瑧+9UѺP@Bk3ch66pGKC{./>m@,C%瑧+Book Nov5|UKq>m@,C%瑧+Chapter No.Q FUD>m@,C%瑧+Section No߸jACHZ׼>m@,C%瑧+SelectgGC>m@,C%瑧+Question type No!N9G&>ޤ>m@,C%瑧+Ques NoK)~L:o$>m@,C%瑧+Question TextLWBN__>m@,C%瑧+Answer,}E&O{R >m@,C%瑧+Link1"jJG\`>m@,C%瑧+Stats 1!BrKu^zJ5M>m@,C%瑧+Link2B$=@iGP,T>m@,C%瑧+Stats 2%KZȰ,>m@,C%瑧+Link31'@jLʽO>m@,C%瑧+Stats 3ԫ}|Ih{af>m@,C%瑧+Link423aØGREp>m@,C%瑧+Stats 4b-ɺGl3mM`>m@,C%瑧+Link5m@,C%瑧+Stats 5   >m@,C%瑧+Book No X      m       6pGKC{./Chapter No v      0   m v5|UKqSection No       m       .Q FUDx Select H    Yes/No   j ߸jACHZ׼& Question type No   $ General Number     m gGCQuestion No   $ General Number     m !N9G&>ޤ Question Text            K)~L:o$~ Answer            LWBN__Hyperlink1            ,}E&O{R :4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j "jJG\`Hyperlink2            !BrKu^zJ5M:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j B$=@iGP,T| Link3            %KZȰ,zStats 3     Yes/No   j 1'@jLʽO| Link4            ԫ}|Ih{afzStats 4     Yes/No   j 23aØGREp| Link5           XLVALh b-ɺGl3mM`zStats 5     Yes/No   j m@,C%瑧+9UѺP@Bk3ch66pGKC{./>m@,C%瑧+Book Nov5|UKq>m@,C%瑧+Chapter No.Q FUD>m@,C%瑧+Section No߸jACHZ׼>m@,C%瑧+SelectgGC>m@,C%瑧+Question type No!N9G&>ޤ>m@,C%瑧+Ques NoK)~L:o$>m@,C%瑧+Question TextLWBN__>m@,C%瑧+Answer,}E&O{R >m@,C%瑧+Link1"jJG\`>m@,C%瑧+Stats 1!BrKu^zJ5M>m@,C%瑧+Link2B$=@iGP,T>m@,C%瑧+Stats 2%KZȰ,>m@,C%瑧+Link31'@jLʽO>m@,C%瑧+Stats 3ԫ}|Ih{af>m@,C%瑧+Link423aØGREp>m@,C%瑧+Stats 4b-ɺGl3mM`>m@,C%瑧+Link5m@,C%瑧+Stats 5   >m@,C%瑧+Book No X      m       6pGKC{./Chapter No v      0   m v5|UKqSection No       m       .Q FUDx Select H    Yes/No   j ߸jACHZ׼& Question type No   $ General Number     m gGCQuestion No   $ General Number     m !N9G&>ޤ Question Text            K)~L:o$~ Answer            LWBN__Hyperlink1            ,}E&O{R :4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j "jJG\`Hyperlink2            !BrKu^zJ5M:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j B$=@iGP,THyperlink3            %KZȰ,zStats 3     Yes/No   j 1'@jLʽO| Link4            ԫ}|Ih{afzStats 4     Yes/No   j 23aØGREp| Link5         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q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  p h U%n B/v@LκP@Bk3ch104 "*@1MJT%n B/v@Book No6k"J^}2%n B/v@Chapter NoD2{^DO1%n B/v@Section NoC 3V3]3%n B/v@Selecti_Dd]%n B/v@Question type No4qJ^|4%n B/v@Ques NobTWROF^ ͝s%n B/v@Question Textor#DJ w%n B/v@AnswerR*LL-d/-]%n B/v@Link14#yCOr>b%n B/v@Stats 1\kW OC#`x%n B/v@Link2w{NlT%n B/v@Stats 2qIA0a?0%n B/v@Link3HمOXa:%n B/v@Stats 3؁6ωHS0}%n B/v@Link4B_P]MgwU%n B/v@Stats 4kbn0I{s%n B/v@Link5q{9ܭMuS"ܛ%n B/v@Stats 5   %n B/v@Book No       m       4 "*@1MJTChapter No       0   m 6k"J^}2Section No       m       D2{^DO1x Select     Yes/No   j C 3V3]3& Question type No   $ General Number     m i_Dd]֛Question No   $ General Number     m 4qJ^|4 Question Text            bTWROF^ ͝s~ Answer            or#DJ 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B/v@Link5q{9ܭMuS"ܛ%n B/v@Stats 5   %n B/v@Book No       m       4 "*@1MJTChapter No       0   m 6k"J^}2Section No       m       D2{^DO1x Select     Yes/No   j C 3V3]3& Question type No   $ General Number     m i_Dd]֛Question No   $ General Number     m 4qJ^|4 Question Text            bTWROF^ ͝s~ Answer            or#DJ wHyperlink1            R*LL-d/-]:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j 4#yCOr>bHyperlink2            \kW OC#`x:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j w{NlT| Link3            qIA0a?0zStats 3     Yes/No   j HمOXa:| Link4            ؁6ωHS0}zStats 4     Yes/No   j B_P]MgwU| Link5           VLVALf kbn0I{szStats 5     Yes/No   j q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  p h U%n B/v@LκP@Bk3ch104 "*@1MJT%n B/v@Book No6k"J^}2%n B/v@Chapter NoD2{^DO1%n B/v@Section NoC 3V3]3%n B/v@Selecti_Dd]%n B/v@Question type No4qJ^|4%n B/v@Ques NobTWROF^ ͝s%n B/v@Question Textor#DJ w%n B/v@AnswerR*LL-d/-]%n B/v@Link14#yCOr>b%n B/v@Stats 1\kW OC#`x%n B/v@Link2w{NlT%n B/v@Stats 2qIA0a?0%n B/v@Link3HمOXa:%n B/v@Stats 3؁6ωHS0}%n B/v@Link4B_P]MgwU%n B/v@Stats 4kbn0I{s%n B/v@Link5q{9ܭMuS"ܛ%n B/v@Stats 5   %n B/v@Book No       m       4 "*@1MJTChapter No       0   m 6k"J^}2Section No       m       D2{^DO1x Select     Yes/No   j C 3V3]3& Question type No   $ General Number     m i_Dd]֛Question No   $ General Number     m 4qJ^|4 Question Text            bTWROF^ ͝s~ Answer            or#DJ wHyperlink1            R*LL-d/-]:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j 4#yCOr>bHyperlink2            \kW OC#`x:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j w{NlTHyperlink3            qIA0a?0zStats 3     Yes/No   j HمOXa:| Link4            ؁6ωHS0}zStats 4     Yes/No   j B_P]MgwU| Link5        LLVAL\    kbn0I{szStats 5     Yes/No   j q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  p h U%n B/v@LκP@Bk3ch104 "*@1MJT%n B/v@Book No6k"J^}2%n B/v@Chapter NoD2{^DO1%n B/v@Section NoC 3V3]3%n B/v@Selecti_Dd]%n B/v@Question type No4qJ^|4%n B/v@Ques NobTWROF^ ͝s%n B/v@Question Textor#DJ w%n B/v@AnswerR*LL-d/-]%n B/v@Link14#yCOr>b%n B/v@Stats 1\kW OC#`x%n B/v@Link2w{NlT%n B/v@Stats 2qIA0a?0%n B/v@Link3HمOXa:%n B/v@Stats 3؁6ωHS0}%n B/v@Link4B_P]MgwU%n B/v@Stats 4kbn0I{s%n B/v@Link5q{9ܭMuS"ܛ%n B/v@Stats 5   %n B/v@Book No       m       4 "*@1MJTChapter No       0   m 6k"J^}2Section No       m       D2{^DO1x Select     Yes/No   j C 3V3]3& Question type No   $ General Number     m i_Dd]֛Question No   $ General Number     m 4qJ^|4 Question Text            bTWROF^ ͝s~ Answer            or#DJ wHyperlink1            R*LL-d/-]:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j 4#yCOr>bHyperlink2            \kW OC#`x:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j w{NlTHyperlink3            qIA0a?0:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j HمOXa:| Link4            ؁6ωHS0}zStats 4     Yes/No   j B_P]MgwU| Link5   &LVAL6         kbn0I{szStats 5     Yes/No   j q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  p h U%n B/v@LκP@Bk3ch104 "*@1MJT%n B/v@Book No6k"J^}2%n B/v@Chapter NoD2{^DO1%n B/v@Section NoC 3V3]3%n B/v@Selecti_Dd]%n B/v@Question type No4qJ^|4%n B/v@Ques NobTWROF^ ͝s%n B/v@Question Textor#DJ w%n B/v@AnswerR*LL-d/-]%n B/v@Link14#yCOr>b%n B/v@Stats 1\kW OC#`x%n B/v@Link2w{NlT%n B/v@Stats 2qIA0a?0%n B/v@Link3HمOXa:%n B/v@Stats 3؁6ωHS0}%n B/v@Link4B_P]MgwU%n B/v@Stats 4kbn0I{s%n B/v@Link5q{9ܭMuS"ܛ%n B/v@Stats 5   %n B/v@Book No       m       4 "*@1MJTChapter No       0   m 6k"J^}2Section No       m       D2{^DO1x Select     Yes/No   j C 3V3]3& Question type No   $ General Number     m i_Dd]֛Question No   $ General Number     m 4qJ^|4 Question Text            bTWROF^ ͝s~ Answer            or#DJ wHyperlink1            R*LL-d/-]:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j 4#yCOr>bHyperlink2            \kW OC#`x:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j w{NlTHyperlink3            qIA0a?0:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j HمOXa:ņHyperlink4            ؁6ωHS0}zStats 4     Yes/No   j B_P]MgwU| Link5  LVAL,          kbn0I{szStats 5     Yes/No   j q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText 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HمOXa:ņHyperlink4            ؁6ωHS0}:4Statistics available for 4     Yes/No   j B_P]MgwULVAL| Link5            kbn0I{szStats 5     Yes/No   j q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  p h U%n B/v@LκP@Bk3ch104 "*@1MJT%n B/v@Book No6k"J^}2%n B/v@Chapter NoD2{^DO1%n B/v@Section NoC 3V3]3%n B/v@Selecti_Dd]%n B/v@Question type No4qJ^|4%n B/v@Ques NobTWROF^ ͝s%n B/v@Question Textor#DJ w%n B/v@AnswerR*LL-d/-]%n B/v@Link14#yCOr>b%n B/v@Stats 1\kW OC#`x%n B/v@Link2w{NlT%n B/v@Stats 2qIA0a?0%n B/v@Link3HمOXa:%n B/v@Stats 3؁6ωHS0}%n B/v@Link4B_P]MgwU%n B/v@Stats 4kbn0I{s%n B/v@Link5q{9ܭMuS"ܛ%n B/v@Stats 5   %n B/v@Book No       m       4 "*@1MJTChapter No       0   m 6k"J^}2Section No       m       D2{^DO1x Select     Yes/No   j C 3V3]3& Question type No   $ General Number     m i_Dd]֛Question No   $ General Number     m 4qJ^|4 Question Text            bTWROF^ ͝s~ Answer            or#DJ wHyperlink1            R*LL-d/-]:4Statistics available for 1     Yes/No   j 4#yCOr>bHyperlink2            \kW OC#`x:4Statistics available for 2     Yes/No   j w{NlTHyperlink3            qIA0a?0:4Statistics available for 3     Yes/No   j HمOXa:ņHyperlink4            ؁6ωHS0}:4Statistics available for 4     Yes/No   j B_P]MgwULVALHyperlink5            kbn0I{szStats 5     Yes/No   j q{9ܭMuS"ܛLVAL(MR2BOrientationOrderByOnNameMapDefaultViewColumnWidthColumnOrderColumnHiddenRequiredAllowZeroLengthDisplayControlIMEModeIMESentenceMode$UnicodeCompressionDecimalPlacesDefaultValue FormatGUIDValidationRuleValidationText FilterOrderByDescriptionInputMaskCaptionSmartTags  p h U%n B/v@LκP@Bk3ch104 "*@1MJT%n B/v@Book No6k"J^}2%n B/v@Chapter NoD2{^DO1%n B/v@Section NoC 3V3]3%n B/v@Selecti_Dd]%n B/v@Question type No4qJ^|4%n B/v@Ques NobTWROF^ ͝s%n B/v@Question Textor#DJ w%n 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8!qN(%qNH!qNZH qNqNqNqNqNqN@qNqNxqNqNqNqN qNqN  qNqN XqNqNqN qN qN0qNqN@qN 8qNPqNpqN`qN qNpqNqNqN qNqNPqNqN dqNqN dqN@qNxqNqN qN  qN XqNqN qNqN 8qNpqN qNqN qNPqNpH qN qN qN qN qN qN qN qN qN qN qN qN!qN!qN!qN!qN !qN(!qNqNqNqN@qNxqNqNqN qNXqNqNqNqN8qNpqNqNqNqNPqNqN Bk3ch2p!qN d!qNChapter No Book No!qNqNv $qN$qN$qNqN8#qN8#qqN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN8#qN%qN qN(%qN%qNx%qN "qNBk3ch2Chapter NoqN "qN$qNqN$qNqN8#qN(%qN$qN(%qN`%qNqN LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap |Lz$4Rf ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! 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Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջMOOOOOfOOOOOOO@O`OOOOO0OxOOOOXOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO&ONOnOOOOO>"OOOOOfOOOO d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 50 O( OO O 8O9Q@8 OH OqNOpZqNzOpZNq&OpZNOpZqnOpZqNqOpZNOpZqOpZqNqOpZ >OpZ OpZ OpZ OpZ OpZ fOpZ OpZ OpZ OpZBk3ch2OhOOO8ON&nQ@ ~sq_fc4H O O O O O O O @O O `O O OO OO OO OO  0O O  xO(O  O0O  O8O  O@O XOHO OPO OXO O`OOOO@O`OOOOO0OxOOOOXOOOO OpZfqZOpZqZ&OpZqZNOpZpnOpZB3OpZOpZqNOpZqNHOpZ N>OpZ OpZN OpZqN` OpZ hOpZ  fOpZOpZNxqOpZ OpZ>Bk3ch2 O@O OHO &OPO NOXO nO`O OhO OpO OxO OO >OO OO OO OO OO fOO OO OO OOOOO@O`OOOOO0OxOOOOXOOOO O8#OO 8O8OOOOXOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxO%O0 OHOO OO HOO OO OO OO OO $OO $OO $OO  OO  $OO  OO  $OO  OO $OO OO $OO Oz] LVALm 8!O(%OH!OZH OOOOOO@OOxOOOO OO  OO XOOO O O0OO@O 8OPOpO`O OpOOO OOPOO dOO dO@OxOO O  O XOO OO 8OpO OO OPOpH O O O O O O O O O O O O!O!O!O!O !O(!OOOO@OxOOO OXOOOO8OpOOOOPOO Bk3ch2p!O d!OChapter No Book No!OOv $O$O$OO8#O8#qO8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O8#O%O O(%O%Ox%O "OBk3ch2Chapter NoO "O$OO$OO8#O(%O$O(%O`%OO LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap   Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջMPPPPPfPPPPPPP@P`PPPPP0PxPPPPXPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP&PNPnPPPPP>"PPPPPfPPPP d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 50 P( PP P 8P$Q@8 PH POPpZOzPpZ&PpZNPpZOnPpZOPpZPpZOPpZOPpZ >PpZ PpZ PpZ PpZ PpZ fPpZ PpZ PpZ PpZBk3ch2PhPPP8PN&nQ@ ~sq_fc5H P P P P P P P @P P `P P PP PP PP PP  0P P  xP(P  P0P  P8P  P@P XPHP PPP PXP P`PPPP@P`PPPPP0PxPPPPXPPPP PpZOpZPpZOpZ&PpZOpZNPpZOpZnPpZOpPpZk3hPpZPpZPpZO>PpZ&O OPpZ PpZ PpZO PpZOh fPpZ OPpZPpZOPpZOBk3ch2 P@P PHP &PPP NPXP nP`P PhP PpP PxP PP >PP PP PP PP PP fPP PP PP PPPPP@P`PPPPP0PxPPPPXPPPP P8#PP 8P8PPPPXPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPxP%P0 PHPP PP HPP PP PP PP PP $PP $PP $PP  PP  $PP  PP  $PP  PP $PP PP $PP Pz] LVALm 8!P(%PH!PZH PPPPPP@PPxPPPP PP  PP XPPP P P0PP@P 8PPPpP`P PpPPP PPPPP dPP dP@PxPP P  P XPP PP 8PpP PP PPPpH P P P P P P P P P P P P!P!P!P!P !P(!PPPP@PxPPP PXPPPP8PpPPPPPPP Bk3ch2p!P d!PChapter No Book No!PPv $P$P$PP8#P8#qP8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P8#P%P P(%P%Px%P "PBk3ch2Chapter NoP "P$PP$PP8#P(%P$P(%P`%PP LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap 薄N36@kf ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! K% Àb"Question type noR##C1-= Àb"Section No!|GIdtlo Àb"Chapter NoaEA$~ c Àb"Book No*TH>  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջMqQqQqQqQqQfqQqQqQqQqQqQqQ@qQ`qQqQqQqQqQ0qQxqQqQqQqQXqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQ&qQNqQnqQqQqQqQqQ>"qQqQqQqQqQfqQqQqQqQ d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 50 qQ( qQqQ qQ 8qQ1ސQ@8 qQH qQPqQpZPzqQpZ&qQpZNqQpZPnqQpZPqQpZqQpZPqQpZPqQpZ >qQpZ qQpZ qQpZ qQpZ qQpZ fqQpZ qQpZ qQpZ qQpZBk3ch2qQhqQqQqQ8qQN&nQ@ ~sq_fc6H qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ @qQ qQ `qQ qQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ  0qQ qQ  xqQ(qQ  qQ0qQ  qQ8qQ  qQ@qQ XqQHqQ qQPqQ qQXqQ qQ`qQqQqQqQ@qQ`qQqQqQqQqQ0qQxqQqQqQqQXqQqQqQqQ qQpZPpZOqQpZPpZ&qQpZPpZNqQpZPpZnqQpZPpqQpZk3hqQpZqQpZqQpZP>qQpZ&P PqQpZ qQpZ qQpZP qQpZPh fqQpZ PqQpZqQpZPqQpZPBk3ch2 qQ@qQ qQHqQ &qQPqQ NqQXqQ nqQ`qQ qQhqQ qQpqQ qQxqQ qQqQ >qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ fqQqQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQqQqQqQ@qQ`qQqQqQqQqQ0qQxqQqQqQqQXqQqQqQqQ qQ8#qQqQ 8qQ8qQqQqQqQXqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQqQxqQ%qQ0 qQHqQqQ qQqQ HqQqQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ qQqQ $qQqQ $qQqQ $qQqQ  qQqQ  $qQqQ  qQqQ  $qQqQ  qQqQ $qQqQ qQqQ $qQqQ qQz] LVALm 8!qQ(%qQH!qQZH qQqQqQqQqQqQ@qQqQxqQqQqQqQ qQqQ  qQqQ XqQqQqQ qQ qQ0qQqQ@qQ 8qQPqQpqQ`qQ qQpqQqQqQ qQqQPqQqQ dqQqQ dqQ@qQxqQqQ qQ  qQ XqQqQ qQqQ 8qQpqQ qQqQ qQPqQpH qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ qQ!qQ!qQ!qQ!qQ !qQ(!qQqQqQqQ@qQxqQqQqQ qQXqQqQqQqQ8qQpqQqQqQqQPqQqQ Bk3ch2p!qQ d!qQChapter No Book No!qQqQv $qQ$qQ$qQqQ8#qQ8#qqQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ8#qQ%qQ qQ(%qQ%qQx%qQ "qQBk3ch2Chapter NoqQ "qQ$qQqQ$qQqQ8#qQ(%qQ$qQ(%qQ`%qQqQ LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap  F'F`7Of ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! K% Àb"Question type noR##C1-= Àb"Section No!|GIdtlo Àb"Chapter NoaEA$~ c Àb"Book No*TH>  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM  Àb"Select!.O+ lu- Àb"Question TextPT1BRc Àb"Answer6MKA%xH Àb"Hyperlink1;T{^F eɅ  Àb"Statistics available for 1bBMЊERj5 Àb"Hyperlink2?SnըJJo? Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM!R!R!R!R!Rf!R!R!R!R!R!R!R@!R`!R!R!R!R!R0!Rx!R!R!R!RX!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R&!RN!Rn!R!R!R!R!R>"!R!R!R!R!Rf!R!R!R!R d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 50 !R( !R!R !R 8!R̴Q@8 !RH !RqQ!RpZQzq!RpZ&!RpZqN!RpZqQqn!RpZQ!RpZq!RpZqQ!RpZQq!RpZ >!RpZ !RpZ !RpZ !RpZ !RpZ f!RpZ !RpZ !RpZ !RpZBk3ch2!Rh!R!R!R8!RN&nQ@ ~sq_fc7H !R !R !R !R !R !R !R @!R !R `!R !R !R!R !R!R !R!R !R!R  0!R !R  x!R(!R  !R0!R  !R8!R  !R@!R X!RH!R !RP!R !RX!R !R`!R!R!R!R@!R`!R!R!R!R!R0!Rx!R!R!R!RX!R!R!R!R !RpZQpZP!RpZQpZ&!RpZQpZN!RpZQpZn!RpZqQp!RpZk3h!RpZ!RpZ!RpZqQ>!RpZ&qQ Q!RpZ q!RpZ !RpZqQ !RpZqQh f!RpZ Q!RpZ!RpZQ!RpZqQBk3ch2 !R@!R !RH!R &!RP!R N!RX!R n!R`!R !Rh!R !Rp!R !Rx!R !R!R >!R!R !R!R !R!R !R!R !R!R f!R!R !R!R !R!R !R!R!R!R!R@!R`!R!R!R!R!R0!Rx!R!R!R!RX!R!R!R!R !R8#!R!R 8!R8!R!R!R!RX!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!R!Rx!R%!R0 !RH!R!R !R!R H!R!R !R!R !R!R !R!R !R!R $!R!R $!R!R $!R!R  !R!R  $!R!R  !R!R  $!R!R  !R!R $!R!R !R!R $!R!R !Rz] LVALm 8!!R(%!RH!!RZH !R!R!R!R!R!R@!R!Rx!R!R!R!R !R!R  !R!R X!R!R!R !R !R0!R!R@!R 8!RP!Rp!R`!R !Rp!R!R!R !R!RP!R!R d!R!R d!R@!Rx!R!R !R  !R X!R!R !R!R 8!Rp!R !R!R !RP!RpH !R !R !R !R !R !R !R !R !R !R !R !R!!R!!R!!R!!R !!R(!!R!R!R!R@!Rx!R!R!R !RX!R!R!R!R8!Rp!R!R!R!RP!R!R Bk3ch2p!!R d!!RChapter No Book No!!R!Rv $!R$!R$!R!R8#!R8#!qR8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R8#!R%!R !R(%!R%!Rx%!R "!RBk3ch2Chapter No!R "!R$!R!R$!R!R8#!R(%!R$!R(%!R`%!R!R LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap _⋞KCwf ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! 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Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջMaTaTaTaTaTfaTaTaTaTaTaTaT@aT`aTaTaTaTaT0aTxaTaTaTaTXaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaT&aTNaTnaTaTaTaTaT>"aTaTaTaTaTfaTaTaTaT d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 50 aT( aTaT aT 8aT舤Q@8 aTH aT!RaTpZRz!aTpZ&aTpZ!NaTpZ!R!naTpZRaTpZ!aTpZ!RaTpZR!aTpZ >aTpZ aTpZ aTpZ aTpZ aTpZ faTpZ aTpZ aTpZ aTpZBk3ch2aThaTaTaT8aTN&nQ@ ~sq_fc8H aT aT aT aT aT aT aT @aT aT `aT aT aTaT aTaT aTaT aTaT  0aT aT  xaT(aT  aT0aT  aT8aT  aT@aT XaTHaT aTPaT aTXaT aT`aTaTaTaT@aT`aTaTaTaTaT0aTxaTaTaTaTXaTaTaTaT aTpZRpZQaTpZRpZ&aTpZRpZNaTpZRpZnaTpZ!RpqaTpZk3haTpZaTpZaTpZ!R>aTpZ&!R RaTpZ !aTpZ aTpZ!R aTpZ!Rh faTpZ RaTpZaTpZRaTpZ!RBk3ch2 aT@aT aTHaT &aTPaT NaTXaT naT`aT aThaT aTpaT aTxaT aTaT >aTaT aTaT aTaT aTaT aTaT faTaT aTaT aTaT aTaTaTaTaT@aT`aTaTaTaTaT0aTxaTaTaTaTXaTaTaTaT aT8#aTaT 8aT8aTaTaTaTXaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTxaT%aT0 aTHaTaT aTaT HaTaT aTaT aTaT aTaT aTaT $aTaT $aTaT $aTaT  aTaT  $aTaT  aTaT  $aTaT  aTaT $aTaT aTaT $aTaT aTz] LVALm 8!aT(%aTH!aTZH aTaTaTaTaTaT@aTaTxaTaTaTaT aTaT  aTaT XaTaTaT aT aT0aTaT@aT 8aTPaTpaT`aT aTpaTaTaT aTaTPaTaT daTaT daT@aTxaTaT aT  aT XaTaT aTaT 8aTpaT aTaT aTPaTpH aT aT aT aT aT aT aT aT aT aT aT aT!aT!aT!aT!aT !aT(!aTaTaTaT@aTxaTaTaT aTXaTaTaTaT8aTpaTaTaTaTPaTaT Bk3ch2p!aT d!aTChapter No Book No!aTaTv $aT$aT$aTaT8#aT8#aqT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT8#aT%aT aT(%aT%aTx%aT "aTBk3ch2Chapter NoaT "aT$aTaT$aTaT8#aT(%aT$aT(%aT`%aTaT LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap 8M$B3?f ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! 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Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջM1V1V1V1V1Vf1V1V1V1V1V1V1V@1V`1V1V1V1V1V01Vx1V1V1V1VX1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V&1VN1Vn1V1V1V1V1V>"1V1V1V1V1Vf1V1V1V1V d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 50 1V( 1V1V 1V 81VFQ@8 1VH 1VaT1VpZTza1VpZ&1VpZaN1VpZaTan1VpZT1VpZa1VpZaT1VpZTa1VpZ >1VpZ 1VpZ 1VpZ 1VpZ 1VpZ f1VpZ 1VpZ 1VpZ 1VpZBk3ch21Vh1V1V1V81VN&nQ@ ~sq_fc9H 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V @1V 1V `1V 1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V  01V 1V  x1V(1V  1V01V  1V81V  1V@1V X1VH1V 1VP1V 1VX1V 1V`1V1V1V1V@1V`1V1V1V1V1V01Vx1V1V1V1VX1V1V1V1V 1VpZTpZR1VpZTpZ&1VpZTpZN1VpZTpZn1VpZaTp!1VpZk3h1VpZ1VpZ1VpZaT>1VpZ&aT T1VpZ a1VpZ 1VpZaT 1VpZaTh f1VpZ T1VpZ1VpZT1VpZaTBk3ch2 1V@1V 1VH1V &1VP1V N1VX1V n1V`1V 1Vh1V 1Vp1V 1Vx1V 1V1V >1V1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V f1V1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V1V1V1V@1V`1V1V1V1V1V01Vx1V1V1V1VX1V1V1V1V 1V8#1V1V 81V81V1V1V1VX1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1V1Vx1V%1V0 1VH1V1V 1V1V H1V1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V 1V1V $1V1V $1V1V $1V1V  1V1V  $1V1V  1V1V  $1V1V  1V1V $1V1V 1V1V $1V1V 1Vz] LVALm 8!1V(%1VH!1VZH 1V1V1V1V1V1V@1V1Vx1V1V1V1V 1V1V  1V1V X1V1V1V 1V 1V01V1V@1V 81VP1Vp1V`1V 1Vp1V1V1V 1V1VP1V1V d1V1V d1V@1Vx1V1V 1V  1V X1V1V 1V1V 81Vp1V 1V1V 1VP1VpH 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V!1V!1V!1V!1V !1V(!1V1V1V1V@1Vx1V1V1V 1VX1V1V1V1V81Vp1V1V1V1VP1V1V Bk3ch2p!1V d!1VChapter No Book No!1V1Vv $1V$1V$1V1V8#1V8#1qV8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V8#1V%1V 1V(%1V%1Vx%1V "1VBk3ch2Chapter No1V "1V$1V1V$1V1V8#1V(%1V$1V(%1V`%1V1V LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap 'zGIEf ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! 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Àb"Statistics available for 2e0`I7O` ڹ Àb"Hyperlink3'fNJ)X Àb"Statistics available for 30n( @#%vS Àb"Hyperlink4aFGLL Àb"Statistics available for 4y@]FeW Àb"Hyperlink5P_E,K8ջMQWQWQWQWQWfQWQWQWQWQWQWQW@QW`QWQWQWQWQW0QWxQWQWQWQWXQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQW&QWNQWnQWQWQWQWQW>"QWQWQWQWQWfQWQWQWQW d   d                            Bk3ch2.Book No Bk3ch2!Bk3ch2.Chapter No!Bk3ch2.Section NoBk3ch2.Select-Bk3ch2.Question type No#Bk3ch2.Question No'Bk3ch2.Question TextBk3ch2.Answer!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink1ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 1!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink2ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 2!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink3ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 3!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink4ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 4!Bk3ch2.Hyperlink5ABk3ch2.Statistics available for 58 QW0 QWQW QW 8QW+Q@8 QWH QW1V1QWpZVЂzQWpZ1&QWpZ1VNQWpZV1nQWpZQWpZ1QWpZ1V1QWpZ QWpZ >QWpZ QWpZ QWpZ QWpZ QWpZ fQWpZ QWpZ QWpZ QWpZBk3ch2QWpQWQWQW8QWN&nQ@~sq_fc10H QW QW QW QW QW QW QW @QW QW `QWQW QWQW QWQW QWQW QW QW  0QW(QW  xQW0QW  QW8QW  QW@QW  QWHQW XQWPQW QWXQW QW`QW QWhQWQWQWQW@QW`QWQWQWQWQW0QWxQWQWQWQWXQWQWQWQW QWpZh 1QWpZ 1&QWpZ1NQWpZnQWpZTBQWpZ2QWpZ1V@QWpZ HQWpZ >QWpZ QWpZVX1 QWpZ n QWpZ QWpZ fQWpZp1VQWpZ 11QWpZQWpZBk3ch2 QWHQW QWPQW &QWXQW NQW`QW nQWhQW QWpQW QWxQW QWQW QWQW >QWQW QWQW QWQW QWQW QWQW fQWQW QWQW QWQW QWQWQWQWQW@QW`QWQWQWQWQW0QWxQWQWQWQWXQWQWQWQW QW@#QWQW 8QW8QWQWQWQWXQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWQWxQW%QW8 QWHQWQW QWQW HQWQW QWQW QWQW QWQW QWQW $QWQW $QWQW $QWQW  QWQW  $QWQW  QWQW  $QWQW  QWQW $QWQW QWQW $QWQW QWzW LVALg @!QW0%QWP!QWZH QWQWQWQWQWQWHQWQWQWQWQWQW QWQW (QWQW `QWQWQW(QW QW8QWQWHQW @QWXQWxQWhQW QWxQWQWQW  QWQWXQWQW dQWQW dQWHQWQWQW QW (QW `QWQW QWQW @QWxQW QWQW  QWXQWpH QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW!QW!QW!QW!QW !QW(!QW0!QWQWQWQWHQWQWQWQW(QW`QWQWQWQW@QWxQWQWQW QWXQWQW Bk3ch2x!QW d!QWChapter No Book No!QWQWv $QW$QW$QWQW@#QW@#QqW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW@#QW %QW QW0%QW%QW%QW("QWBk3ch2Chapter NoQW("QW$QWQW$QWQW@#QW0%QW$QW0%QWh%QWQW LVALMR2 GUIDNameMap 萘N@rY f ^ U Àb"N&nQ@Bk3ch2eEN~WQb Àb"Question No`G(Bx! 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